Hatim Machrafi obtained his PhD from the Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris 6), Paris, France. He has been working as a senior researcher at the University of Liège (ULiège), Liège, Belgium, and as visiting researcher at the free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium, specializing in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, nanotechnology applied to energetics and nanomedicine, and advanced materials. Recently, he is also active at the Sorbonne University, Paris, France, in the field of microfluidics and renewable energy.