A Theologico-Political Treatise and a Political Treatise

An early voice calling for reason as the ruler of the human mind and a man with at best a Deistic outlook on religion Spinoza is perhaps the first truly modern philosopher. He is certainly the first modern critic of the Bible. His devoted adherents include many great names of 19th-century literature: Goethe Coleridge Shelley and George Eliot were deeply swayed by his writing; in the 20th century Albert Einstein claimed Spinozas deterministic outlook as an abiding influence; understanding the writings of all these figures is greatly enhanced by an appreciation of Spinoza. In Theologico-Political Treatise first published anonymously in 1670 Spinoza rails against religious intolerance and calls for governments to be entirely secular. His Political Treatise unfinished at his death was published only posthumously and deals with democratic government. Dutch philosopher BENEDICT DE SPINOZA (1632-1677) alternately and paradoxically known as the best Jew and the best atheist is best known for his Ethics.