Although schools with an African-centered educational focus have existed for over 200 years they have most often been independent institutions. Within the past few years the idea of incorporating an African and African-American cultural orientation in public schools has been explored. This exploration has proceeded in a number of ways: in Baltimore MD African-centered education was instituted in selected classrooms within an otherwise traditional school. In Milwaukee and in other cities such as Detroit MI and Washington DC African-centered programs have been implemented in selected schools.