An overview on the lead and cadmium-induced oxidative stress and natural remedies

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are the most toxic metals present in environments characterized by high anthropogenic activity. These metals enter the animal's biological cycle through feed soil and air and since they are not biodegradable they accumulate in the organism causing adverse health effects. In vitro and in vivo studies highlighted that the toxicity of these metals is linked to the ability to promote cellular oxidation although they are not redox-active. In fact Cd and Pb even if are unable to generate reactive oxygen species increased the macromolecules oxidation through various mechanisms: binding to the thiol group of proteins inhibiting of antioxidant enzymes activities triggering lipid peroxidation. Therefore the purpose of this book was to summarize the studies conducted so far on oxidative stress induced by Pb and Cd on livestock the effects on their productions and consequently on human health.