Anti-liberal Europe

<p> The history of modern Europe is often presented with the hindsight of present-day European integration which was a genuinely liberal project based on political and economic freedom. Many other visions for Europe developed in the 20th century however were based on an idea of community rooted in pre-modern religious ideas cultural or ethnic homogeneity or even in coercion and violence. They frequently rejected the idea of modernity or reinterpreted it in an antiliberal manner. Anti-liberal Europe examines these visions including those of anti-modernist Catholics conservatives extreme rightists as well as communists arguing that antiliberal concepts in 20th-century Europe were not the counterpart to but instead part of the process of European integration.</p>