Avian Newcastle Disease: Ethical methods of Characterizing the virus

For a simpler more rapid and ethical method of characterizing field isolates of Newcastle disease virus into the three main strains erythrocytes` elution time (EET) of the NDVs was tested for at 37℃. Combining EET and NDVS` agglutination of mammalian erythrocytes gave 100% agreement with use of intra-cerebral pathogenicity index a more complex more time consuming and less ethical method. The book also reviews Bird Flu Gumboro disease and Collibacillosis as differential diagnoses for Newcastle disease. To improve immune response to vaccinations feed formulation to include immune enhancing levels of minerals and vitamins has been outlined.