Beard Fetish in Early Modern England

Focusing on representations of beards in English Renaissance culture this study elucidates how fetish objects validate ideological systems of power by materializing complex value in multiple registers. Providing detailed discussions of not only bearded men but also beardless boys bearded women and half-bearded hermaphrodites author Mark Albert Johnston argues that attending closely to early modern English culture's treatment of the beard as a fetish object ultimately exposes the contingency of categories like sex gender age race and sexuality. Johnston mines a diverse cross-section of contemporary discourses -- adult and children's drama narrative verse and prose popular ballads epigrams and proverbs historical accounts pamphlet literature diaries letters wills court records and legal documents medical and surgical manuals lectures sermons almanacs and calendars -- in order to provide proof for his cultural claims. Johnston's evidence invokes some of the period's most famous voices -- William Shakespeare Ben Jonson John Lyly Phillip Stubbes John Marston George Chapman Thomas Dekker Thomas Middleton and Samuel Pepys for example -- but Johnston also introduces us to an array of lesser-known Renaissance authors and playwrights whose works support the notion that the beard was a palimpsestic site of contested meaning at which complex and contradictory values clash and converge. Johnston's reading of Marxist Freudian and anthropological theories of the fetish phenomenon acknowledges their divergent emphases -- erotic economic racial and religious -- while suggesting that the imbrication of diverse registers that fetish accomplishes facilitates its cultural and psychic naturalizing function.