Book on Surgery

<p></p><p><span style=background-color: rgba(255 255 255 1); color: rgba(55 65 81 1)>This medieval text by Constantine the African discusses the three main branches of medical treatment: diet pharmacy and surgery emphasizing the importance of mastering surgical techniques through observation and practice. It categorizes surgery into operations on veins flesh and bones with detailed focus on phlebotomy-the practice of bloodletting from veins. The text provides guidelines on when and how to perform phlebotomy safely stressing the importance of patient consent proper tools vein identification and careful technique to avoid nerve damage and other complications. It also highlights specific considerations for phlebotomy on different body parts to prevent adverse effects such as spasms headaches or vision problems.</span></p>