Circulating Non-coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases

<p>This Reprint of the <em>IJMS</em> Special Issue Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers of Human Diseases presents eight original research papers and five reviews that advance our diagnostic prognostic and mechanistic understanding of circulating non-coding RNAs (c-ncRNAs). The collection emphasizes the remarkable stability of c-ncRNAs in biofluids such as blood and urine their tissue- and disease-specific expression profiles and their growing promise in non-invasive liquid biopsy for precision medicine spanning early detection risk assessment and therapeutic monitoring. Featured studies explore early lung cancer prediction in COPD via miR-206 and miR-1246; risk stratification in atrial fibrillation using miR-411-5p; the differentiation of coronary artery aneurysmal disease through miR-451a and miR-328-3p; the staging of mycosis fungoides by plasma miR-146a and miR-155; and asthma phenotyping associated with hsa-miR-26a-1-3p and hsa-miR-376a-3p. Additional research investigates NAFLD diagnostics using serum miRNA ratios and provides mechanistic insight into muscle development via circTTN. The reviews synthesize advances on c-miRNAs in osteoarthritis miRNA and exosomal miRNA dysregulation in cholesteatoma therapeutic biomarkers in asthma and post-SARS-CoV-2 cardiovascular alterations highlighting broad clinical relevance across oncologic cardiovascular metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Collectively these contributions underscore methodological progress toward standardization and position c-ncRNAs at the forefront of minimally invasive diagnostics and personalized therapy.</p>