Collective Choice Processes

Gallhofer and Saris examine the collective choice processes in different decision-making units leading to World Wars I and II as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis colonial wars and to major foreign policy decisions of a European government after World War II. In the unit relating to the European government they find strong evidence for consensual decision-making. But when disagreements occurred among the participants alternative procedures were employed such as postponements in order to search for additional information shifts from argumentation to find a compromise and change from consensus to majority decision-making. How quickly these shifts were made depended on the group norms.This book provides a theoretical framework to understand how different foreign-policy decision-making units or groups arrive at a collective choice. The qualitative and quantitative studies presented here are based on written records and deal with the choice process of four different decision-making units in situations that pertain to important foreign policy decisions. Germany''s decision-making process under Hitler to initiate World War II exemplifies a group with a leader who is insensitive to advice making the decisions himself and using the group only for acclamation. Kennedy''s decision-making during the Cuban Missile Crisis is very different as it shows a leader sensitive to advice where the group has the task of presenting different options and their consequences. The Austro-Hungarian cabinet''s decision to initiate World War I exemplifies a homogeneous group with a dissenter although it arrived at a collective decision quite quickly using persuasion compromise and some coercion. The bulk of the study deals with a heterogeneous unit in a great variety of decision situations because most Western European governments are of this type. Where there is extreme conflict and time pressure consensual decision-making is abandoned and a majority choice is hammered out.As the first systematic documented study of collective decision-making as it pertains to different decision units this book will be of considerable importance to scholars and researchers investigating the decision-making process in government and international affairs.