Complex etiology of Endemic Nephropathy and possible prophylaxis

The occurrence of mycotoxic nephropathy in farm animals and humans was studied. Etiological factors contributing to disease development were analyzed. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and masked mycotoxins in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy is studied. The significance of low contamination levels of target combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs/chicks/humans in the practice was analyzed. Human exposure estimation to nephrotoxic mycotoxins in endemic areas was made. The metabolism pharmacokinetics mechanisms of action and elimination of nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A is described. The main biochemical and pathomorphological changes were also described with a view to timely diagnosis. The morphological functional and toxicological similarities between human and animal nephropathy are studied.The possible hazard of low contamination levels of target combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs/chicks/humans in the practice was studied and a risk assessment was made. Some effective ways of prophylaxis are suggested. The most effective way of hygiene control in the slaughterhouses is suggested with a view to human health hazard.