Cytological Changes in Urine among Sudanese Patients Complaining of Renal Failure

Renal failure is described as a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. Biochemically renal failure is typically detected by an elevated serum creatinine level. Problems frequently encountered in kidney malfunction include abnormal fluid levels in the body deranged acid levels abnormal levels of potassium calcium phosphate and (in the longer term) anemia as well as delayed healing in broken bones. Depending on the cause hematuria (blood loss in the urine) and proteinuria (protein loss in the urine) may occur.