Dental Plaque to Oral Biofilm

Once regarded as a simple deposit of bacteria and food debris dental plaque is now understood as a sophisticated living biofilm. Early theories focused on the quantity of plaque later shifting to the role of specific pathogenic species. Modern research reveals that plaque is a highly organized surface-attached microbial community embedded in a self-produced matrix. This biofilm grows through a stepwise process supported by intricate microbial communication and cooperation. In its balanced state the biofilm coexists with the host. When disrupted it becomes dysbiotic triggering local periodontal disease and contributing to systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The journey from plaque to biofilm reflects a paradigm shift in understanding oral health and its connection to overall well-being.