Der Bleistift

Like most other human artifacts the common pencil made and sold today by the millions has a long and complex history. Henry Petroski who combines a talent for fine writing with a deep knowledge of engineering and technological history examines the story of the pencil considering it not only as a thing in itself but also as an exemplar of all things that are designed and manufactured. Petroski ranges widely in time discussing the writing technologies of antiquity. But his story really begins in the early modern period when in 1565 a Swiss naturalist first described the properties of the mineral that became known as graphite. Petroski traces the evolution of the pencil through the Industrial Revolution when machine manufacture replaced earlier handwork. Along the way he looks at some of pencil makings great innovators-including Henry David Thoreau the famed writer who worked in his fathers pencil factory inventing techniques for grinding graphite and experimenting with blends of lead clay and other ingredients to yield pencils of varying hardness and darkness. Petroski closes with a look at how pencils are made today-a still-imperfect technology that may yet evolve with new advances in materials and design. -Gregory McNamee