Dysfunctional cognitions and stress

Epictetus an ancient philosopher (50-138 AD) once said that it is not things themselves that disturb people but their ideas about things. Ideas assumptions and expectations are learned from early childhood to old age. When these do not match our own conclusions or the expected reactions from our environment negative emotional states such as frustration and sadness arise. But what influence do such negatively accumulated thoughts insights and experiences have on our organism? The author has investigated this phenomenon in various scientific studies by examining the connections between dysfunctional cognitions and stress. At the same time he has developed new approaches for practical application particularly in a business context.