Education of Selves

Most contemporary North Americans as well as many other Westerners take for granted their conceptions of themselves as individuals with uniquely valuable and complex inner lives -- lives filled with beliefs imaginings understandings and motives that determine their actions and accomplishments. Yet such psychological conceptions of selfhood are relatively recent dating mostly from the late eighteenth century. Perhaps more surprisingly our understandings of ourselves as creatively self-expressive and strategically self-managing are for the most part products of twentieth-century innovations in Enlightenment-based social sciences especially psychology. Fueled by the enthusiasm for self-expression and self-actualization that emerged in the 1960s humanistic cognitive developmental and educational psychologists published widely on the overwhelmingly positive consequences of increased self-esteem in children and adolescents. While previous generations had been wary of self-confidence and self-interest these qualities became widely regarded as desirable traits to be cultivated in both the home and the school The Education of Selves Jack Martin and Ann-Marie McLellan examine ways in which psychological theories research and interventions employed in American and Canadian schools during the last half of the twentieth century changed our understanding of students conceptualizing ideal students as self-expressive enterprising and entitled to forms of education that recognize and cater to such expressivity and enterprise. The authors address each of the major programs of psychological research and intervention in American and Canadian schools from 1950 to 2000: self-esteem self-concept self-efficacy and self-regulation. They give critical consideration to definitions and conceptualizations research measures and methods intervention practices and the social cultural consequences of these programs of inquiry and practice. The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a backlash against what some have come to regard as a self-absorbed generation of young people. Such criticism may be interpreted at least in part as a reaction to the scientific and professional activities of psychologists many of whom now appear to share in the general concern about where their activities have left students schools and society at large.