Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures with nearly one-third of patients remaining resistant to current therapies. Its multifactorial basis involves genetic molecular epigenetic inflammatory and metabolic contributors that drive disease heterogeneity. Genetic modifiers such as ion channel mutations (SCN1A GABRA1 CHRNA4) and mTOR pathway disruptions (TSC1 DEPDC5) along with epigenetic mechanisms linking environmental influences to gene expression play central roles in seizure susceptibility and treatment response. A broad spectrum of biomarkers-genetic proteomic metabolomic imaging and electrophysiological-provides critical insights for diagnosis prognosis and therapeutic strategies. Integrating molecular discoveries with clinical perspectives underscores the potential of biomarker-driven precision medicine supporting targeted therapies optimized patient stratification and improved long-term outcomes in epilepsy.