Essential English idioms and multipart verbs

Script from the year 2017 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics grade: 91.1 language: English abstract: An 'Idiom' is an expression in the usage of a language that has a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements; for example raining cats and dogs is an expression that is used to convey the meaning of raining heavily but this meaning most of the time cannot be derived from the denotative meaning of the single words that constitute the whole expression. Moreover an idiom can be looked at as a combination of words whose meaning can be either transparent (can be easily worked out of the literal meaning of the individual words) or opaque (there is no resemblance between the meaning of the individual words and the meaning of the idiom itself). Consider the following examples of transparent idioms that are reasonably obvious:1. 'Throw someone to the lions' means 'intentionally to put someone in a difficult position' as in: All the commanders were responsible for the tragedies in their last operation but they threw that junior officer to the lions when they asked him to address the journalists on the reasons of defeat. Idioms like 'sell someone down the river' and 'kick the bucket' are examples of the opaque:1. Understanding the words of the expression 'sell someone down the river' for instance will not help you recognize that it actually means 'to betray or be disloyal to' as in: The kidnapper who was caught by the police refused to sell his associates down the river. Thus having such idioms in one book and learning their meaning would be absolutely of a significant help.Interestingly some English idioms are similar to expressions in other languages which makes it easy for the learner to figure out their meaning as in 'hold one's horses' which means 'to stop someone or something or to make them calm' for example: Hold your horses I said to my wife when she started packing her lu