Federal Tort Claims Act

<p>THIS CASEBOOK contains a selection of U. S. Court of Appeals decisions that analyze interpret and apply provisions of the Federal Tort Claims Act. Volume 1 of the casebook covers the District of Columbia Circuit and the First through the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. </p><p><br></p><p>As a general rule the United States is immune from claims for money damages in civil suits. <em>See Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Commerce Corp. </em> 337 U.S. 682 686-90 69 S.Ct. 1457 93 L.Ed. 1628 (1949). The FTCA waives the United States' sovereign immunity for civil suits for money damages for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1). Where the FTCA's waiver is operative the government is liable in tort in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances. <em>Id.</em> § 2674. However this broad waiver of sovereign immunity is cabined by a list of exceptions. <em>See id.</em> § 2680. [T]he FTCA's waiver does not apply to [a]ny claim ... based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government whether or not the discretion involved be abused. <em>Id.</em> § 2680(a).</p><p><br></p><p>The exceptions to the FTCA's immunity waiver work to defeat the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal courts. <em>Indemnity Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. United States </em> 569 F.3d 175 180 (4th Cir. 2009). Thus the burden is on the plaintiff in such a civil suit to establish that the discretionary function exception does not foreclose their claim. <em>Seaside Farm Inc. v. United States </em> 842 F.3d 853 857 (4th Cir. 2016).</p><p>This exception represents one limit to the extent of Congress' willingness to impose tort liability upon the United States. <em>United States v. S.A. Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense</em> (<em>Varig Airlines</em>) 467 U.S. 797 808 104 S.Ct. 2755 81 L.Ed.2d 660 (1984). It exists to prevent interference by the judiciary in the policy-laden balancing that accompanies the exercise of executive discretion. <em>See Baum v. United States </em> 986 F.2d 716 720 (4th Cir. 1993); <em>Tiffany v. United States </em> 931 F.2d 271 276 (4th Cir. 1991). Most importantly the exception protects that discretion of the executive ... to act according to [his] judgment of the best course a concept of substantial historical ancestry in American law. <em>Dalehite v. United States </em> 346 U.S. 15 34 73 S.Ct. 956 97 L.Ed. 1427 (1953). Taken together these considerations make manifest the important separation-of-powers principles that animate the discretionary function exception. <em>See Holbrook v. United States </em> 673 F.3d 341 345 (4th Cir. 2012).</p><p><br></p><p><em>Blanco Ayala v. United States 982 F. 3d 209 (4th Cir. 2020)</em></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>