Foundations and Practice of Research

<p>Many of the issues on which meaningful research is founded are seldom discussed; for example, the role of everyday experience, diversity and coherence of meaning in the world, the meaningfulness and wider mandate of research, the very nature and validity of theoretical thought, and the deep presuppositions of philosophy and how they undermine the success of research. </p><p>Such questions are material to the philosophies that guide research thinking in all fields, and since they cannot be satisfactorily addressed in a piecemeal fashion, this book employs the radically different philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd to consider them together. Parts I and II discuss these issues theoretically and philosophically, while Part III discusses them practically, specifically the adventures that researchers across the world have had using Dooyeweerd's philosophy. </p><p>Foundations and Practice of Research assembles a wide range of experiences of using Dooyeweerd's philosophy in research in the fields of mathematics, the natural sciences, the social sciences, design sciences and the humanities. Case studies demonstrate how Dooyeweerd's philosophy has been found fruitful in most stages of research, and the philosophical discussion backs this up. This book challenges researchers to join the adventures, including suggestions of potential research that could be carried out, as well as questions still left unanswered. </p> <p>List of Tables </p><p>List of Figures </p><p><i>Preface</i></p><p><i>Acknowledgements</i></p><p><strong>Chapter 1. Introduction</strong></p><p>1-1. ADVENTURES WITH DOOYEWEERD'S PHILOSOPHY</p><p>1-2. RESEARCH</p><p>1-2.1 The Mandate of Research</p><p>1-2.2 Clarifying Concepts Used in This Book</p><p>1-2.3 Some Requirements for Research</p><p>1-2.4 Research Content, Activity and Application</p><p>1-2.5 Range of Fields</p><p>1-3. PRACTICE</p><p>1-4. FOUNDATIONS</p><p>1-4.1 Foundations of Research</p><p>1-4.2 Philosophy</p><p>1-4.3 Dooyeweerd and Philosophy</p><p>1-4.4 Resources</p><p>1-5. GUIDE FOR READERS</p><p>1-5.1 The Structure of the Book</p><p>1-5.2 Some Tips on Reading</p><p><b>PART I</b></p><p><strong>Chapter 2. Research and Everyday Experience</strong></p><p>2-1. SOME PRELIMINARIES</p><p>2-1.1 Differences Between Research and Everyday Experience</p><p>2-1.2 Relationships Between Research and Everyday Experience</p><p>2-2. THE RESEARCHER-WORLD RELATIONSHIPS: DETACHED OR PARTICIPANT OBSERVER?</p><p>2-2.1 Is Detached Observer Possible?</p><p>2-2.2 Is Detached Observer Desirable?</p><p>2-2.3 Dooyeweerd's View of the Researcher-World Relationship</p><p>2-3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND PRE-THEORETICAL THINKING</p><p>2-3.1 Is Neutral Theoretical Thinking Desirable?</p><p>2-3.2 Is Neutral Theoretical Thinking Possible?</p><p>2-3.3 Dooyeweerd's View of Theoretical and Pre-theoretical Thinking</p><p>2-4. THE VALUE OF THEORETICAL AND PRE-THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE</p><p>2-5. UNDERSTANDING EVERYDAY, PRE-THEORETICAL EXPERIENCE</p><p>2-5.1 Interest in Everyday Experience</p><p>2-5.2 Appealing to Everyday Experience</p><p>2-5.3 Starting with Everyday Experience</p><p>2-6. EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE AND RESEARCH</p><p>2-6.1 The Everyday Experience of Applying Research</p><p>2-6.2 Research Activity as Everyday Experience</p><p>2-6.3 Everyday Experience in Research Content</p><p>2-7. CONCLUSIONS</p><p><strong>Chapter 3. Diversity and Coherence</strong></p><p>3-1. A PHILOSOPHICAL LOOK AT DIVERSITY AND COHERENCE</p><p>3-2. DOOYEWEERD'S ASPECTS</p><p>3-2.1 An Initial Look At Diversity</p><p>3-2.2 Aspects as Modes</p><p>3-2.3 Irreducibility of Aspects</p><p>3-2.4 Inter-aspect Coherence</p><p>3-2.4.1 Aspectual simultaneity</p><p>3-2.4.2 No conflict among aspects</p><p>3-2.4.3 Inter-aspect analogy</p><p>3-2.4.4 Inter-aspect dependency</p><p>3-2.4.5 The Order of Aspects</p><p>3-3. DIVERSITY AND COHERENCE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY</p><p>3-4. DIVERSITY AND COHERENCE OF RESEARCH APPLICATION</p><p>3-5. DIVERSITY AND COHERENCE IN RESEARCH CONTENT (THEORIES)</p><p>3-5.1 Diversity and Coherence of Research Fields</p><p>3-5.2 Diversity and Coherence of Data Collected in Research</p><p>3-5.3 Diversity and Coherence Within Concepts</p><p>3-5.4 Diversity and Coherence in Research Findings / Theories</p><p>3-6. CONCLUSION</p><p><strong>Chapter 4. Meaning in Research and Reality, and an Overview of Dooyeweerd's Understanding of Reality</strong></p><p>4-1. PRELIMINARIES</p><p>4-2. TREATMENT OF MEANING IN PHILOSOPHY</p><p>4-3. MEANINGFULNESS AS THE FOUNDATION FOR ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY AND AXIOLOGY</p><p>4-3.1 Diversity and Coherence of Meaning</p><p>4-3.2 Aspects: Spheres of Meaningfulness</p><p>4-3.3 Meaningfulness as the Ground of Being</p><p>4-3.4 Types and Identity</p><p>4-3.5 Structural Relationships</p><p>4-3.6 Meaning and Rationality</p><p>4-3.7 Meaning, Value and Good</p><p>4-3.8 Law, Functioning and Repercussion</p><p>4-3.8.1 Law: the possibility of functioning and repercussion</p><p>4-3.8.2 Multi-aspectual functioning</p><p>4-3.8.3 Society, progress and meaningfulness</p><p>4-3.8.4 Meaningful properties and functional relationships</p><p>4-3.9 Subject and Object in Terms of Meaningfulness and Law</p><p>4-3.10 Prior Meaningfulness and the Metaphor of Ocean</p><p>4-3.11 Towards a Model of Meaning</p><p>4-3.11.1 The proposed model</p><p>4-3.11.2 Application to philosophy</p><p>4-3.12 Meaningfulness and Knowing the World</p><p>4-3.13 Knowing Meaningfulness Itself: Delineating the Aspects</p><p>4-3.14 Meaning, Time and Self</p><p>4-4. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE FOR RESEARCH</p><p>4-4.1 Meaningfulness and Research Application</p><p>4-4.2. Meaningfulness and Research Activity</p><p>4-4.3 Meaning and Research Content</p><p>4-5. CONCLUSION</p><p><strong>Chapter 5. Research and Philosophy</strong></p><p>5-1. ROLES OF PHILOSOPHY IN RESEARCH</p><p>5-1.1 Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology</p><p>5-1.2 Philosophy as Approach</p><p>5-1.3 Philosophy as Foundation</p><p>5-1.4 Philosophy as Source of Conceptual Tools and Methods</p><p>5-2. LEVELS OF PRESUPPOSITION</p><p>5-2.1 Worldviews</p><p>5-2.2 Ground-motives</p><p>5-2.3 Ground-motives as Presuppositions not Truths</p><p>5-2.4 Differences Between Dialectical and Pluralist Ground-motives</p><p>5-3. STANDPOINTS</p><p>5-3.1 Problems Resulting from the Immanence Standpoint</p><p>5-3.2 Alternative Standpoints</p><p>5-3.3 Towards a Different Standpoint</p><p>5-4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOOYEWEERD'S PHILOSOPHY</p><p>5-4.1 Struggles with the Immanence Standpoint</p><p>5-4.2 Seeking a "Christian" Philosophy</p><p>5-4.3 Fresh Insights for Research</p><p>5-5. CROSSING RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY BOUNDARIES</p><p>5-6. CONCLUSION</p><p><b>PART II</b></p><p><strong>Chapter 6. On Theoretical Knowledge and Research</strong></p><p>6-1. THE CHALLENGE OF TRUTH</p><p>6-1.1 Realism and Anti-Realism: Is There Generic Truth?</p><p>6-1.2 About Truth</p><p>6-1.3 Dooyeweerd's Critique of Truth</p><p>6-2. ON THE NON-NEUTRALITY OF THEORETICAL THOUGHT</p><p>6-2.1 Dooyeweerd's Immanent Critique of Theoretical Thought</p><p>6-2.2 Dooyeweerd's Transcendental Critiques of Theoretical Thought</p><p>6-3. DOOYEWEERD'S SECOND TRANSCENDENTAL CRITIQUE OF THEORETICAL THOUGHT</p><p>6-3.1 Preparing to Understand the Transcendental Problems</p><p>6-3.2 The Starting Question</p><p>6-3.3 First Transcendental Problem (TP1), Abstraction: Thinker and Diversity of World</p><p>6-3.4 Second Transcendental Problem (TP2), Reuniting That Which Was Set Asunder: Rationalities and Responsibility</p><p>6-3.5 Third Transcendental Problem (TP3), Grounds of Critical Self-Reflection: Origin of Meaning</p><p>6-3.6 Ground-motives as Origins of Meaning</p><p>6-3.7 Summary</p><p>6-4. DOOYEWEERD'S PERSPECTIVE ON TRUTH</p><p>6-5. CONCLUSION</p><p><strong>Chapter 7. Ground-Ideas: How Philosophies Work</strong></p><p>7-1. DOOYEWEERD'S NOTION OF THREE-PART GROUND-IDEA</p><p>7-1.1 Ground-Ideas of Philosophy: A Tool for LACE</p><p>7-1.2 Diversity of World</p><p>7-1.2.1 Data from the world</p><p>7-1.2.2 On sources of data</p><p>7-1.2.3 Secondary data and use of instruments</p><p>7-1.3 Coherence of Rationalities</p><p>7-1.4 Wider Meaningfulness and Origin of Meaning</p><p>7-1.5 Ground-Idea Analysis: Example from Sociolinguistics</p><p>7-1.6 Reflection</p><p>7-2. ON PROGRESS AND ADVANCE IN KNOWLEDGE</p><p>7-2.1 Clarification Offered by the Notion of Ground-Idea</p><p>7-2.2 Accounts of Dialectic</p><p>7-3. GROUND-IDEAS A BASIS FOR DIALOGUE</p><p>7-3.1 An Example: Positivist, Interpretivist and Socio-critical Approaches</p><p>7-3.2 Reflection</p><p>7-4. APPLICATIONS OF GROUND-IDEAS IN RESEARCH PROJECTS</p><p>7-4.1 Ground-Ideas as Research Philosophy</p><p>7-4.2 On Bias in Research</p><p>7-5. CONCLUSION</p><p><strong>Chapter 8. Fields of Research</strong></p><p>8-1. UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH FIELDS AND DISCIPLINES</p><p>8-1.1 Some Approaches</p><p>8-1.2 Fields as Centred on Aspects</p><p>8-1.3 Secondary Aspects</p><p>8-1.4 Wider Meaningfulness: Applications and Interdisciplinary Research</p><p>8-1.5 Conclusions About Fields</p><p>8-2. ON PARADIGMS</p><p>8-2.1 The Idea of Paradigm</p><p>8-2.2 A Dooyeweerdian View: Paradigms as Meaningfulness</p><p>8-2.3 An Example: Linguistics and Sociolinguistics</p><p>8-3. CONCEPTS AND IDEAS IN A FIELD</p><p>8-4. CONCLUSION</p><p><b>PART III</b></p><p><strong>Chapter 9. Dooyeweerd's Suite of Aspects</strong></p><p>9-1. DESCRIPTION OF EACH ASPECT</p><p>9-1.1 The Quantitative Aspect</p><p>9-1.2 The Spatial Aspect</p><p>9-1.3 The Kinematic Aspect</p><p>9-1.4 The Physical Aspect</p><p>9-1.5 The Organic / Biotic Aspect</p><p>9-1.6 The Psychic / Sensitive Aspect</p><p>9-1.7 The Analytical Aspect</p><p>9-1.8 The Formative Aspect</p><p>9-1.9 The Lingual Aspect</p><p>9-1.10 The Social Aspect</p><p>9-1.11 The Economic Aspect</p><p>9-1.12 The Aesthetic Aspect</p><p>9-1.13 The Juridical Aspect</p><p>9-1.14 The Ethical Aspect</p><p>9-1.15 The Pistic Aspect</p><p>9-2. GROUPING THE ASPECTS?</p><p>9-3. COMPARISON WITH OTHER SUITES</p><p>9-4. ON TRUSTING DOOYEWEERD'S SUITE</p><p>9-5. CONCLUSION</p><p><strong>Chapter 10. The Complex Activity of Research</strong></p><p>10-1. OVERALL APPROACH: "LACE"</p><p>10-1.1 The Elements of LACE</p><p>10-1.2 Example of LACE with Information Systems Approaches</p><p>10-1.3 Examples of LACE with Foundations of Information Systems</p><p>10-2. RESEARCH AS MULTI-ASPECTUAL FUNCTIONING</p><p>10-3. THE MORE VISIBLE ASPECTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY</p><p>10-4. SOME LESS-OBVIOUS ASPECTS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY</p><p>10-4.1 Less-obvious Pistic Functioning in Research</p><p>10-4.2 Less-obvious Ethical Aspects in the Activity of Research</p><p>10-4.3 Less-obvious Juridical Functioning in Research</p><p>10-4.4 Less-obvious Aesthetic Functioning in the Activity of Research</p><p>10-4.5 Less-obvious Economic Functioning in Research</p><p>10-4.6 Less-obvious Social Functioning in Research</p><p>10-4.7 Less-obvious Lingual, Formative and Analytic Functioning in Research</p><p>10-4.8 The Early Aspectual Functioning in Research</p><p>10-5. A CASE STUDY: ACTIVITIES IN A KNOWLEDGE PROJECT</p><p>10-6. CONCLUSIONS</p><p><strong>CHAPTER 11. Experience of Research Using Dooyeweerd</strong></p><p>11-1. STAGES OF RESEARCH USING DOOYEWEERD</p><p>11-2. UNDERSTANDING THE DISCOURSES AND LITERATURE OF A FIELD WITH DOOYEWEERD</p><p>11-2.1 Methods Involving Ground-motives</p><p>11-2.2 Joneidy's Analysis of Seminal Papers</p><p>11-2.3 Understanding Collections of Papers</p><p>11-2.4 More Complex Inter-Discourse Analysis</p><p>11-2.4.1 Breems' study</p><p>11-2.4.2 Basden's study</p><p>11-2.4.3 Reflection on heatmaps</p><p>11-3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: DOOYEWEERDIAN ADVENTURES AMONG PARADIGMS</p><p>11-3.1 Critique of Paradigms in Statistics</p><p>11-3.2 Paradigms and Frameworks in Systems Thinking</p><p>11-3.3 A Multi-aspectual Paradigm in Sustainability</p><p>11-3.4 A New Paradigm of the State and Civil Society</p><p>11-3.5 New Paradigm in Knowledge Management and Tacit Knowledge</p><p>11-3.6 New Paradigms and Frameworks in the Information Systems Field</p><p>11-3.6.1 ISD: Information systems development, including programming</p><p>11-3.6.2 IT features</p><p>11-3.6.3 IT/IS use</p><p>11-3.6.4 IT and society</p><p>11-3.6.5 Nature of information and computers</p><p>11-3.7 Broadening Paradigms in Engineering</p><p>11-3.8 Reflection</p><p>11-4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: CLARIFYING CONCEPTS AND IDEAS</p><p>11-4.1 Understanding a 'Simple' Concept: Diagrams</p><p>11-4.2 Exploring a More Complex Concept: Idolatry</p><p>11-4.3 Multi-aspectual Concepts: Information, Documents</p><p>11-4.4 Complex Notions Inforporating Antecipations and Retrocipations</p><p>11-4.5 Contributing Ideas to Philosophy</p><p>11-5. USING DOOYEWEERD TO DISCUSS RESEARCH METHODS</p><p>11-6. DATA COLLECTION WITH DOOYEWEERD</p><p>11-6.1 Using Aspects to Design Questionnaires</p><p>11-6.2 MAKE: Multi-aspectual Knowledge Elicitation</p><p>11-6.3 MAIT: Multi-aspectual Interview Technique</p><p>11-6.4 Practical Reflections on MAKE and MAIT</p><p>11-6.5 Philosophical Reflections on MAKE and MAIT</p><p>11-6.6 Eliciting Detailed Expertise</p><p>11-7. USING DOOYEWEERD IN DATA ANALYSIS</p><p>11-7.1 Simple Aspectual Analysis</p><p>11-7.2 Finding Hidden Meanings: What Motivated Seminal Papers</p><p>11-7.2.1 The method</p><p>11-7.2.2 Results</p><p>11-7.2.3 Challenges</p><p>11-7.3 Researching Everyday Down-to-earth Issues</p><p>11-7.3.1 The first study</p><p>11-7.3.2 The second and third studies</p><p>11-7.3.3 Quantitative and qualitative analyses</p><p>11-7.3.4 Comparative analyses</p><p>11-7.3.5 The value of extra, volunteered information</p><p>11-7.3.6 The literature versus everyday experience</p><p>11-7.3.7 Reflection on aspectual analysis of down-to-earth issues</p><p>11-7.4 Complex Quantitative Comparisons</p><p>11-7.5 Complex Qualitative Comparisons</p><p>11-7.6 Overview</p><p>11-8. EXTENDING THESE IDEAS: NEW ADVENTURES AWAITED</p><p>11-8.1 Using Dooyeweerd at Beginning and End of Research</p><p>11-8.2 Using Dooyeweerd in Observation</p><p>11-8.3 Using Dooyeweerd in Natural and Mathematical Sciences</p><p>11-9. CONCLUSION</p><p><b>PART IV</b></p><p><strong>CHAPTER 12. Criticisms of Dooyeweerd</strong></p><p>12-1. CRITICISMS OF DOOYEWEERD'S IDEAS</p><p>12-1.1 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Approach to Everyday Experience</p><p>12-1.2 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's View of Non-Neutrality or Non-Autonomy of Theoretical Thought</p><p>12-1.3 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Approach to Diversity and Coherence</p><p>12-1.4 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Idea of Meaning(fulness)</p><p>12-1.5 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Notion of Being as Meaningfulness</p><p>12-1.6 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's idea of Good and Evil</p><p>12-1.7 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's idea of Aspectual Functioning</p><p>12-1.8 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's View of History and Progress</p><p>12-1.9 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's View of Ground-motives</p><p>12-1.10 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Idea of the Immanence Standpoint</p><p>12-1.11 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Transcendental Critiques of Theoretical Thought</p><p>12-1.12 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's idea of Antithesis between Christian and Non-Christian Thought</p><p>12-1.13 Critiques of Dooyeweerd's Aspects</p><p>12-2. REFLECTION</p><p><strong>Chapter 13. Summary and Conclusions</strong></p><p>13-1. SUMMARY OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO RESEARCH</p><p>13-1.1 Overall Benefits</p><p>13-1.2 Contributions to Research Content</p><p>13-1.3 Contributions to Research Activity</p><p>13-1.4 Contributions to Research Application</p><p>13-2. THE CHANGING WORLD OF RESEARCH</p><p>13-3. COVERAGE OF DOOYEWEERD'S PHILOSOPHY</p><p>13-4. THE ADVENTURE IS JUST BEGINNING</p><p><i>References</i></p><p>Index </p>