From the end of Mobutism to Kabila's 3rd Republic in Maniema

When you look at Maniema you get the impression of being on shaky ground where every move is subject to sudden unpredictable variations. This perception transposed to the general situation of the Congo shows just how difficult the negotiation between unstable political periods and the aspiration for constant solid democratic governance that guarantees social development remains.This reading of Maniema Province examines a number of management and governance issues notably those linked to the leaders and their mode of appointment. The province's politics over the period in question (1990-2018) show that Maniema's governance is heading for predictable breakdowns notably with the preferential selective and often out-of-the-box appointments of provincial and territorial leaders - men and women political players - who are constantly placed or replaced according to the moods and interests of those who placed them there. Almost all of them are Kinshasa residents and active participants in the circles of power.