Gas Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis

Nanotechnology isa broad term that includes aspects of materials science mesoscopicphysics organicandinorganicchemistry na- electronics atmosphericchemistry airpollution and other?elds. The technology is very muchincurrent focus-at the beginning of the Third Millennium-and raises hopes for environmentally benign resource-lean manufacturing of products of manykinds. One precursor to present-day nanotechnology used porous coatings comprised of ultra?ne particles withdimensions inthe nanometer range for absorption of thermal radiation on thermocouples bolometers and the like. These particles were prepared by gas-phase syntheses speci?cally using species formed by nucleation andgrowth from a metalvapor - dergoing coolingby collisions withinert gas molecules. Such inert gas evaporation was explored inthe 1920s and 1930s [see for example A.H. Pfund Phys. Rev. 35 (1930) 1434]andwas investigated in moredetail in the 1960s and 1970s [see for example K. Kimoto et al. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 (1963) 702; C.G. Granqvist and R.A. Buhrman J. Appl. Phys.47 (1976) 2200]. Improved analytical capabilities(electron microscopy)as well as new applications (selective absorption of solar energy) were twoofthe r- sons for the renewed interest. Today gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles constitutesthe foundation for a pro?table butstill small industry. Aerosols i.e. dispersions or suspensions of particles ina gas form the background ?eld for contemporaryefforts in gas-phase nanotechnology. Interest inaerosol researchhistorically arose from the issues of atmospheric chemistry and physics human health protection and airpollution. Today aerosol researchengagesa vast array of efforts inthese and related ?elds andelsewherein work identi?ed as nanotechnology.