Genetics and Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is a complex multifactorial condition influenced by microbial environmental and host-related factors. Genetics plays a significant role in determining individual susceptibility severity and progression of the disease. Variations in genes regulating immune response inflammatory pathways and connective tissue metabolism-such as IL-1 TNF-α and MMP polymorphisms-have been linked to higher risk. Family and twin studies also support a heritable component especially in aggressive periodontitis. Understanding genetic predisposition helps in early identification of high-risk individuals guiding personalized prevention and treatment strategies.