<p>Global ecosystem changes are influenced by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Ongoing changes in rainfall temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can affect natural or managed vegetation such as forest grassland or farmland. Moreover anthropogenic pressures such as forest clearing cattle grazing increasing infrastructural development intensive management and expansion of cropland can contribute to ecosystem degradation. This collection presents a wide range of studies examining natural and anthropogenic drivers in diverse ecosystems in Africa Asia and North America.</p>
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