Graphene

The book is an introduction to the science and possible applications of Graphene the first one-atom-thick crystalline form of matter. Discovered in 24 by now Nobelists Geim and Novoselov the single layer of graphite a hexagonal network of carbon atoms has astonishing electrical and mechanical properties. It supports the highest electrical current density of any material far exceeding metals copper and silver. Its absolute minimum thickness .34 nanometersprovides an inherent advantage in possible forms of digital electronics past the era of Moore's Law.The book describes the unusual physics of the material that it offers linear rather than parabolic energy bands. The Dirac-like electron energy bands lead to high constant carrier speed similar to light photons. The lattice symmetry further implies a two-component wave-function which has a practical effect of cancelling direct backscattering of carriers. The resulting high carrier mobility allows observation of the Quantum Hall Effect at room temperature unique to Graphene. The material istwo-dimensional but in sizes micrometers nearly to meters displays great tensile strength but vanishing resistance to bending.The book reviews theoretical predictions of excessive atomic vibrational motion tied to the dimensionality. As explained these predictions seem not of practical consequence and such effects are unobservable in samples up to nearly one meter size. The disintegration temperature of this refractory material is estimated as 49K certainly higher than the measured sublimation temperature of graphite 39K. As explained applications of Graphene come in classes that range from additives tocomposite materials to field effect transistor elements capable of extremely high frequency operation. The classes of applications correlate with differing methods of fabrication from inexpensive chemical exfoliations of graphite to chemical vapour deposition on catalytic substrates as Cu and Ni attemperatures around 13K. The book reviews potential applications within existing electronics to include interconnect wires flash-memory elements and high frequency field effect transistors. The chance to supplant the dominant CMOS family of silicon logic devices is assessed.