Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials possess astonishing physical and chemical properties. They play a key role in the development of novel and effective drugs catalysts sensors and pesticides to cite just a few examples. Notably the synthesis of nanomaterials is usually achieved with chemical and physical methods needing the use of extremely toxic chemicals or high-energy inputs. To move towards more eco-friendly processes researchers have recently focused on so-called green synthesis where microbial animal- and plant-borne compounds can be used as cheap reducing and stabilizing agents to fabricate nanomaterials. Green synthesis routes are cheap environmentally sustainable and can lead to the fabrication of nano-objects with controlled sizes and shapes--two key features determining their bioactivity. However real-world applications of green-fabricated nanomaterials are largely unexplored. Besides what do we really know about their non-target toxicity? Which are their main modes of action? What is their possible fate in the environment? In this framework the present Special Issue will include articles by expert authorities on nanomaterials synthesis and applications. Special emphasis will be placed on their impact on the environment and long-term toxicity.