Hard Power and Soft Power: The Utility of Military Force as an Instrument of Policy in the 21st Century

Power is one of the more contestable concepts in political theory. In recent decades scholars and commentators have chosen to distinguish between two kinds of power hard and soft. The former is achieved through military threat or use and by means of economic menace or reward. The latter is the ability to have influence by co-opting others to share some of ones values and as a consequence to share some key elements on ones agenda for international order and security. Whereas hard power obliges its addressees to consider their interests in terms mainly of calculable costs and benefits soft power works through the persuasive potency of ideas that foreigners find attractive. It is highly desirable if much of the world external to America wants or can be brought to want a great deal of what America happens to favor also. Coalitions of the genuinely willing have to be vastly superior to the alternatives.