First published in 1901 The History of Philosophy in Islam is a complete summary of the flowering of Islamic philosophy in the late middle ages. Medieval Islamic civilisation at its height was a centre of learning and its philosophers were no exception. Islamic philosophers grappled with issues such as free-will causality and the nature of reality. Some of these figures are still well-known such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Ibn Roshd (Averroes) the Sufi Gazali and Kindi.