How Religion Evolved

<p>Why did many religious leaders—Moses Old Testament prophets Zoroaster—claim they heard divine voices? Why do ancient civilizations exhibit key similarities e.g. the living dead (treating the dead as if they were still alive); speaking idols (care and feeding of effigies); monumental mortuary architecture and houses of gods (pyramids ziggurats temples)? How do we explain strange behaviour such as spirit possession speaking in tongues channelling hypnosis and schizophrenic hallucinations? Are these lingering vestiges of an older mentality?</p><p>Brian J. McVeigh answers these riddles by updating bicameralism. First proposed by the psychologist Julian Jaynes this theory postulates that an earlier mentality existed: a human (the brain's left hemisphere) heard voices of gods or ancestors (the brain's right hemisphere). Therefore ancient religious texts reporting divine voices were recounting of audio-visual hallucinations—a method of social control when early populations expanded. As growing political economic complexity destabilized god-governed states in the late second millennium BCE divine voices became inadequate.</p><p>Eventually humans had to culturally acquire new cognitive skills (modern religions) to accommodate increasing social pressures: selves replaced the gods and history witnessed an inward turn. This psychological interiorization of spiritual experience laid the foundations for the world's great religions and philosophies that arose in India China Greece and the Middle East in the middle of the first millennium BCE.</p>