Imaginary Lines

<p><b>Southwest Book Award Border Regional Library Association 2011</b></p> <p>Although popularly conceived as a relatively recent phenomenon patterns of immigrant smuggling and undocumented entry across American land borders first emerged in the late nineteenth century. Ingenious smugglers and immigrants long and remote boundary lines and strong push-and-pull factors created porous borders then much as they do now.</p> <p>Historian Patrick Ettinger offers the first comprehensive historical study of evolving border enforcement efforts on American land borders at the turn of the twentieth century. He traces the origins of widespread immigrant smuggling and illicit entry on the northern and southern United States borders at a time when English Irish Chinese Italian Russian Lebanese Japanese Greek and later Mexican migrants created various backdoors into the United States. No other work looks so closely at the sweeping if often ineffectual innovations in federal border enforcement practices designed to stem these flows.</p> <p>From upstate Maine to Puget Sound from San Diego to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas federal officials struggled to adapt national immigration policies to challenging local conditions all the while battling wits with resourceful smugglers and determined immigrants. In effect the period saw the simultaneous drawing and erasing of the official border and its gradual articulation and elaboration in the midst of consistently successful efforts to undermine it.</p>