Indigenous Rights to Land Versus Extractivism

Indigenous and tribal communities often make claims to territory citing their longstanding ties to the land. Since 1989 they increasingly reference ILO Convention No. 169 the only legally binding international agreement on Indigenous and tribal peoples rights. This Element proposes a three-pronged analytical framework to assess the promise and limits of indigenous rights to land as influenced by international law. The framework calls for the place-specific investigation of the interrelations between: (1) indigenous identity politics (2) citizenship regimes and (3) land tenure regimes. Drawing on the case of Mexico it argues that the ILO Convention has generally been a weak tool for securing rights to ancestral land and for effectively challenging the expansion of extractivism. Still it has had numerous other significant socio-political implications such as shaping discourses of resistance and incentivizing the use of prior consultation mechanisms in the context of territorial disputes.