Innovative Technological Materials

arranged. Among them the following types are met: nanotubes nanop- ticles nanopowders nano?bers nanowires nanocomposites etc. At the microscale Microcomposites such as metal matrix composites (MMCs) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) alloys or superalloys s- tered powders ceramic materials magnetorheological ?uids (MRFs) etc. At the macroscale Macrocomposites such as functionally graded ma- rials (FGMs) thin layers or ?lms thermal or oxidation or wear resistant coatings multilayered structures long ?ber composites etc. At each level of analysis a response of the material to any physical excitation may be observed measured and analyzed. In the sense of innovation of a material the changes or new ideas can be introduced on the same scale of control (say atomic or nano) in order to achieve fundamentally new behavior on the other scale of observation (say micro or macro). For instance by replacing some similar atoms in the metal crystal str- ture (e. g. Ti Ti or Al Al) by unlike atoms in the crystal (e. g. Ti Al) wi- out the lattice symmetry of the original material changing new improved properties and characteristics may be observed in intermetallics at the - cro or macroscale (higher speci?c strength better creep resistance at elevated temperatures better corrosion resistance to mention only some properties observed at the macroscale). Similarly changing material characteristics at the nanoscale enables creation of completely new material functionality at micro or macroscales (e. g.