Inventing Laziness

Neither laziness nor its condemnation are new inventions however perceiving laziness as a social condition that afflicts a ''nation'' is. In the early modern era Ottoman political treatises did not regard the people as the source of the state''s problems. Yet in the nineteenth century as the imperial ideology of Ottomanism and modern discourses of citizenship spread so did the understanding of laziness as a social disease that the ''Ottoman nation'' needed to eradicate. Asking what we can learn about Ottoman history over the long nineteenth-century by looking closely into the contested and shifting boundaries of the laziness - productivity binary Melis Hafez explores how ''laziness'' can be used to understand emerging civic culture and its exclusionary practices in the Ottoman Empire. A polyphonic involvement of moralists intellectuals polemicists novelists bureaucrats and to an extent the public reveals the complexities and ambiguities of this multifaceted cultural transformation. Using a wide variety of sources this book explores the sustained anxiety about productivity that generated numerous reforms as well as new understandings of morality subjectivity citizenship and nationhood among the Ottomans.