Korean

<p><em>Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar</em> is a reference to Korean grammar, and presents a thorough overview of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Korean. </p><p>The book moves from the alphabet and pronunciation through morphology and word classes to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features such as aspect, tense, speech styles and negation.</p><p>Updated and revised, this new edition includes lively descriptions of Korean grammar, taking into account the latest research in Korean linguistics. More lower-frequency grammar patterns have been added, and extra examples have been included throughout the text.</p><p>The unrivalled depth and range of this updated edition of <i>Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar </i>makes it an essential reference source on the Korean language.</p> <ol> <b> <li>Introduction to the Korean Language</li></b> <p>1.1 Characteristic Features of Korean</p> <p>1.1.1 Word Classes</p> <p>1.1.2 Word Order: Korean is an SOV language</p> <p>1.1.2.1 Flexible Word Order</p> <p>1.1.2.2 The Postpositional Characteristic of Korean</p> <p>1.1.2.3 The Position of Complements</p> <p>1.1.2.4 Interrogative Word Order</p> <p>1.1.3 An Intricate System of Honorific Categories</p> <p>1.1.4 Korean as an Elliptical Language</p> <p>1.2 Korean Script and Pronunciation</p> <p>1.2.1 Basic Principles of Hangul Writing</p> <p>1.2.1.1 Letter Names and Dictionary Order</p> <p>1.2.1.2 Writing Syllabically</p> <p>1.2.2 Hangul Pronunciation Guide</p> <p>1.2.2.1 Simple Vowels</p> <p>1.2.2.2 Y-Vowels</p> <p>1.2.2.3 W-Vowels</p> <p>1.2.2.4 The Compound Vowel 의 </p> <p>1.2.2.5 Basic Consonants</p> <p>1.2.2.6 Aspirated Consonants </p> <p>1.2.2.7 Tensed or ‘Double’ Consonants</p> <p>1.2.3 Pronunciation Changes</p> <p>1.2.3.1 Pronunciation of Syllable-final Consonants</p> <p>1.2.3.2 Simplification of Consonant Clusters</p> <p>1.2.3.3 Re-syllabification</p> <p>1.2.3.4 Nasal Assimilation</p> <p>1.2.3.5 ㄹ <i>r/l</i> pronounced as ㄴ <i>n</i></p> <p>1.2.3.6 ㄴ <i>n</i> pronounced as ㄹ <i>l</i></p> <p>1.2.3.7 Palatalisation of ㄷ t and ㅌ t’</p> <p>1.2.3.8 ㄴ n Addition</p> <p>1.2.3.9 ㅎ h Reduction</p> <p>1.2.3.10 Aspiration</p> <p>1.2.3.11 Reinforcement</p> <b> </b><p> </p> <li>Nouns, Nominal Forms, Pronouns and Numbers</li> </ol><ol> <ol> <p> </p> <li>Nouns</li> <p>2.1.1 Lack of Articles, Number and Gender</p> <p>2.1.1.1 Lack of Articles</p> <p>2.1.1.2 Lack of Number</p> <p>2.1.1.3 Lack of Gender</p> <p>2.1.2 Bound/Dependent Nouns</p> <p>2.1.2.1 것 ‘thing, ‘object’ or ‘affair’</p> <p>2.1.2.2 겸 ‘-cum-‘</p> <p>2.1.2.3 곳 ‘place’</p> <p>2.1.2.4 김 ‘occasion, chance’</p> <p>2.1.2.5 대로 ‘in accordance with’</p> <p>2.1.2.6 덕분 ‘thanks to’</p> <p>2.1.2.7 데 ‘place’</p> <p>2.1.2.8 동안 ‘during’</p> <p>2.1.2.9 둥 ‘may or may not’</p> <p>2.1.2.10 듯 ‘as if’</p> <p>2.1.2.11 따름 ‘only, alone’</p> <p>2.1.2.12 때 ‘when’</p> <p>2.1.2.13 때문 ‘reason’</p> <p>2.1.2.14 리 ‘reasons’</p> <p>2.1.2.15 무렵 ‘around the time’</p> <p>2.1.2.16 바 ‘thing’</p> <p>2.1.2.17 뿐 ‘only’, ‘just’, ‘nothing but’</p> <p>2.1.2.18 수 ‘case’, ‘circumstance’</p> <p>2.1.2.19 적 ‘event’</p> <p>2.1.2.20 줄 ‘the way’, ‘the fact’</p> <p>2.1.2.21 중/도중 ‘middle’</p> <p>2.1.2.22 지 ‘since’</p> <p>2.1.2.23 쪽 ‘side’</p> <p>2.1.2.24 채 ‘just as it is’</p> <p> </p> <li>Nominal Forms</li> <p>2.2.1 Nominal Form -이</p> <p>2.2.2 Nominal Form -개/-게</p> <p>2.2.3 Nominal Form -기</p> <p>2.2.4 Sentence Patterns with –기</p> <p>2.2.4.1 –기 나름이 ‘depending …’)</p> <p>2.2.4.2 –기 때문에 ‘because …’)</p> <p>2.2.4.3 –기/게 마련이– ‘be bound to …’)</p> <p>2.2.4.4 –기(에) 망정이– ‘fortunately … otherwise’</p> <p>2.2.4.5 –기 시작하- ‘start …’</p> <p>2.2.4.6 –기 십상이– ‘it is easy to …’</p> <p>2.2.4.7 –기 위하– ‘in order to’</p> <p>2.2.4.8. –기 이를 데 없–/그지 없– ‘boundless, endless’</p> <p>2.2.4.9 –기 일쑤이– ‘be apt to …’</p> <p>2.2.4.10 –기 전 ‘before …’</p> <p>2.2.4.11 –기 짝이 없- ‘very …’</p> <p>2.2.4.12 –기나 하- ‘just …’</p> <p>2.2.4.13 –기는 ‘no way’</p> <p>2.2.4.14 –기는 하– ‘indeed’</p> <p>2.2.4.15 –기(는)커녕 ‘far from …’</p> <p>2.2.4.16 –기도 하– ‘also …’</p> <p>2.2.4.17 –기만 하- ‘only …’</p> <p>2.2.4.18 –기로 하– ‘decide to …’</p> <p>2.2.4.19 –기로 되– ‘be supposed to …’</p> <p>2.2.4.20 –기를/길 바라– ‘hope …’</p> <p>2.2.4.21 –기에 ‘upon, because …’</p> <p>2.2.4.22 –기에 따라- ‘depending on …’</p> <p>2.2.5 Nominal Form –음</p> <p>2.2.6 Using –(으)ㄴ/는 것 to Create Nominal Forms</p> <p> </p> <li>Pronouns</li> <p>2.3.1 Personal Pronouns</p> <p>2.3.1.1 First Person Pronouns</p> <p>2.3.1.2 Second Person Pronouns</p> <p>2.3.1.3 Third Person Pronouns</p> <p>2.3.2 Demonstrative Pronouns</p> <p>2.3.3 Reflexives and Reciprocals</p> <p>2.3.4 Interrogative Pronouns (Wh-words)</p> <p> </p> <li>Numbers and Counting</li> </ol> </ol><p>2.4.1 Pure Korean and Sino-Korean Numbers</p><p>2.4.2 Which System to Use</p><p>2.4.3 Sentence Patterns with Numbers</p><p>2.4.4 Counting and Naming Periods of Time</p><p>2.4.4.1 Years</p><p>2.4.4.2 Months</p><p>2.4.4.3 Weeks</p><p>2.4.4.4 Days</p><p>2.4.4.5 Telling the Time</p><p>2.4.4.6 Telling the Date</p><ol> <b> </b><p> </p> <li>Particles</li> </ol><p>3.1 Defining Particles</p><p>3.2 Case Particles</p><p>3.2.1 The Subject Particle 이/가</p><p>3.2.2 The Object Particle 을/를</p><p>3.2.3 The Possessive Particle 의</p><p>3.2.4 Particles of Movement and Location</p><p>3.2.4.1 에 ‘to/in/at’</p><p>3.2.4.2 에다(가) ‘in/to’</p><p>3.2.4.3 에서 ‘from/in/at’</p><p>3.2.4.4 에게/한테 ‘to’</p><p>3.2.4.5 더러 ‘to’</p><p>3.2.4.6 보고 ‘to’</p><p>3.2.4.7 에게서/한테서 ‘from’</p><p>3.2.4.8 (으)로부터 ‘from’</p><p>3.2.4.9 Particle phrase (으)로 하여금 ‘letting/making (someone do something)’</p><p>3.2.5 Instrumental Particles</p><p>3.2.5.1 (으)로 ‘by/with/as’</p><p>3.2.5.2 (으)로서 ‘as’</p><p>3.2.5.3 (으)로써 ‘by means of’</p><p>3.2.5.4 Particle phrase (으)로 인해(서) ‘due to’</p><p>3.2.6 Comitative Particles</p><p>3.2.6.1 과/와 ‘and/with’</p><p>3.2.6.2 하고 ‘and/with’</p><p>3.2.6.3 (이)랑 ‘and/with’</p><p>3.2.7 Vocative Particle 아/야</p><p>3.3 Special Particles</p><p>3.3.1 The Plural Particle 들</p><p>3.3.2 Particles of Topic and Focus</p><p>3.3.2.1 The topic particle은/는</p><p>3.3.2.2 (이)야 ‘if it’s …’ </p><p>3.3.2.3 (이)야말로 ‘indeed’</p><p>3.3.3 Particles of Extent</p><p>3.3.3.1 만 ‘only’</p><p>3.3.3.2 뿐 ‘only’</p><p>3.3.3.3 밖에 ‘except for’</p><p>3.3.3.4 부터 ‘from’</p><p>3.3.3.5 까지 ‘up until’</p><p>3.3.3.6 도 ‘also’, ‘even’</p><p>3.3.3.7 조차 ‘even’</p><p>3.3.3.8 마저 ‘even’</p><p>3.3.3.9 치고/치고는 ‘with exception’, ‘pretty … for a …’</p><p>3.3.3.10 커녕 ‘far from’</p><p>3.3.4 Particles of Frequency</p><p>3.3.4.1 마다 ‘every’</p><p>3.3.4.2 씩 ‘apiece’ </p><p>3.3.5 Particles of Approximation and Optionality</p><p>3.3.5.1 쯤 ‘about’</p><p>3.3.5.2 (이)나 ‘about’, ‘or’, ‘just’</p><p>3.3.6 Particles of Comparison and Contrast</p><p>3.3.6.1 처럼 ‘like’</p><p>3.3.6.2 같이 ‘like’</p><p>3.3.6.3 만큼 ‘as … as’</p><p>3.3.6.4 보다 ‘more than’</p><p>3.3.6.5 따라 ‘unusually’</p><p>3.3.6.6 대로 ‘in accordance with’</p><p>4. Verbs</p><p>4.1 Characteristics of Korean Verbs</p><p>4.1.1 Types of Verbs: Processive and Descriptive</p><p>4.1.2 Types of Verbs: 하– Verbs</p><p>4.1.3 Types of Verbs: Negative Verbs</p><p>4.1.4 Types of Verbs: The Copula (Equational Verb)</p><p>4.1.5 Verb Bases</p><p>4.1.6 The Infinitive Form</p><p>4.1.7 The Dictionary Form</p><p>4.1.8 Attaching Verb Endings</p><p>4.2 Negatives</p><p>4.2.1 Short Negatives with 안 and 못 </p><p>4.2.2 Long Negatives with –지 않– and –지 못하– </p><p>4.2.3 Negative Commands and Proposals with –지 말–</p><p>4.2.4 Expressions that Require Negative Verbs </p><p>4.3 Tense and Aspect</p><p>4.3.1 Past Tenses</p><p>4.3.1.1 Simple Past –았/었–</p><p>4.3.1.2 Past-Past or Discontinuous Past –았/었었–</p><p>4.3.1.3 Observed or Perceived Past Tense –더–</p><p>4.3.2 Future Tenses</p><p>4.3.2.1 –겠–</p><p>4.3.2.2 –(으)ㄹ 거–</p><p>4.3.2.3 Other Forms with Future-related Meanings</p><p>4.3.2.4 Summary of Korean Futures</p><p>4.3.3 Continuous Tense</p><p>4.3.3.1 Continuous States with –아/어 있–</p><p>4.3.3.2 Continuous Actions with –고 있–</p><p>4.4 Derived Verbs: Passives, Causatives and Others </p><p>4.4.1 Passives</p><p>4.4.1.1 Derived Passive Verbs </p><p>4.4.1.2 Passives with 되– </p><p>4.4.1.3 Passives with Other Support Verbs </p><p>4.4.1.4 Passives with –아/어 지– </p><p>4.4.2 Causatives</p><p>4.4.2.1 Derived Causative Verbs</p><p>4.4.2.2 Causatives with –게 하–</p><p>4.4.2.3 Causatives with –도록 하–</p><p>4.4.2.4 Causatives with 시키–</p><p>4.4.3 Transforming Descriptive Verbs into Processive Verbs</p><p>4.4.3.1 Forming Processive Verbs with –지–</p><p>4.4.3.2 Forming Processive Verbs with –하–</p><p>5. Auxiliary (Support) Verbs</p><p>5.1 Auxiliary Verbs with –(아/어)</p><p>5.1.1 –(아/어) 가– (ongoing activity "away")</p><p>5.1.2 –(아/어) 오– (ongoing activity "towards")</p><p>5.1.3 –(아/어) 내– (finish, achieve)</p><p>5.1.4 –(아/어) 놓– (do all the way)</p><p>5.1.5 –(아/어) 두–(do for future reference)</p><p>5.1.6 –(아/어) 대– (do repeatedly)</p><p>5.1.7 –(아/어) 버리– (do completely for regret or relief)</p><p>5.1.8 –(아/어) 보– (try doing)</p><p>5.1.9 –(아/어) 보이– (seem)</p><p>5.1.10 –(아/어) 빠지– (lapse into a negative state)</p><p>5.1.11 –(아/어) 쌓– (do repeatedly)</p><p>5.1.12 –(아/어) 주– (perform a favour)</p><p>5.1.13 –(아/어) 치우– (do rashly)</p><p>5.2 Auxiliary Verbs with –(아/어)다</p><p>5.2.1 –다 말– (stop after)</p><p>5.2.2 –다 보– (after trying doing)</p><p>5.2.3 –다 주– (run an errand)</p><p>5.3 Auxiliary Verbs with –고</p><p>5.3.1 –고 나– (after finishing)</p><p>5.3.2 –고 말– (end up)</p><p>5.3.3 –고 보– (do and then realize)</p><p>5.3.4 –고 싶– (want to do)</p><p>5.4 Auxiliary Verbs with –(으)ㄹ까</p><p>5.4.1 –(으)ㄹ까 보– (think it might)</p><p>5.4.2 –(으)ㄹ까 싶– (afraid it might)</p><p>5.4.3 –(으)ㄹ까 하– (think of doing)</p><p>5.5 Auxiliary Verbs with –나/ㄴ가</p><p>5.5.1 –나/ㄴ가 보– (look like)</p><p>5.5.2 –나/ㄴ가 싶– (think it might)</p><p>5.6 Auxiliaries with –게</p><p>5.6.1 –게 되– (turn out so that)</p><p>5.6.2 –게 보이– (seem)</p><p>5.7 Auxiliary Verb with –(아/어)야</p><p>5.7.1 –(아/어)야 하–/되– (must, have to) </p><p>6. Honorifics</p><p>6.1 Speech Styles (Hearer Honorifics)</p><p>6.1.1 The Polite Style</p><p>6.1.2 The Formal Style</p><p>6.1.3. The Intimate Style – <i>Panmal </i>Style</p><p>6.1.4. The Plain Style </p><p>6.1.5 Familiar Style</p><p>6.1.6 Semi-formal Style</p><p>6.2 Referent Honorifics</p><p>6.2.1 Subject Honorifics</p><p>6.2.1.1 The Subject Honorific Marker –(으)시–</p><p>6.2.1.2 Verbs with Special Subject Honorific Forms</p><p>6.2.1.3 Subject honorific particle 께서</p><p>6.2.2 Object Honorifics</p><p>6.2.2.1 Verbs with Special Object Honorific Forms</p><p>6.2.2.2 Object Honorific Particle 께</p><p>6.2.3 Honorific Nouns </p><p>6.2.4 Putting the Honorifics System together</p><p>6.3 Terms of Address</p><p>6.3.1 Names</p><p>6.3.2 Titles</p><p>6.3.3 Kinship Terms</p><p>6.3.4 How to Address Someone</p><p>7. Clausal Connectives </p><p>7.1 Causal Connectives</p><p>7.1.1 –(아/어)서</p><p>7.1.2 –아/어</p><p>7.1.3 -아/어서 인지</p><p>7.1.4 -아/어서(는) 안 되- </p><p>7.1.5 –(아/어) 가지고</p><p>7.1.6 –(으)니까</p><p>7.1.7 –(으)니</p><p>7.1.8 –(으)ㄹ테니까</p><p>7.1.9 –(으)므로</p><p>7.1.10–길래</p><p>7.1.11 –느라고</p><p>7.1.12 –(으)랴 </p><p>7.1.13 –더니 and (았/었)더니</p><p>7.1.14 –(으)ㄹ라 </p><p>7.2 Contrastive Connectives</p><p>7.2.1 –지만</p><p>7.2.2 –(으)나</p><p>7.2.3 –(으)나 마나</p><p>7.2.4 –(으)되</p><p><em> <br><p>7.2.5 </p></em>–(아/어)도</p><p>7.2.5.1 –(아/어)도 in permissive constructions </p><p>7.2.5.2 <i>Don't have to...</i> with –지 않아도 </p><p>7.2.5.3 Idiomatic –(아/어)도 expressions</p><p>7.2.6 –더라도 </p><p>7.2.7 –고도</p><p>7.2.8 –(아/어)서라도 </p><p>7.2.9 –(으)ㄴ들 </p><p>7.2.10 –(으)ㄹ지라도 </p><p>7.2.11 –(으)ㄹ지언정 </p><p>7.2.12 –(으)ㄹ망정 </p><p>7.2.13 –거늘</p><p>7.2.14 –느니 </p><p>7.2.15 –(아/어) 봤자</p><p>7.3 Additional and Sequential Connectives</p><p>7.3.1 –고</p><p>7.3.2 –고서</p><p>7.3.3 –고는 </p><p>7.3.4 –고 나–</p><p>7.3.5 –답시고/랍시고</p><p>7.3.6 –거니와</p><p>7.3.7 –(으)면서 </p><p>7.3.8 –(으)면서부터</p><p>7.3.9 –(으)며</p><p>7.3.10 –자(마자)</p><p>7.3.11 –다(가)</p><p>7.3.12 –(으)ㄴ/는데 </p><p>7.3.13 –(으)ㄹ텐데</p><p>7.4 Optional Connectives</p><p>7.4.1 –거나</p><p>7.4.2 –든지</p><p>7.4.3 –든가</p><p>7.4.4 –(으)ㄴ지 in Oblique Questions</p><p>7.4.5 –(으)ㄹ지 in Oblique Questions</p><p>7.4.6. –(었/았)던지 in Obliques Questions</p><p>7.4.7 –(으)ㄹ락 말락 (하–)</p><p>7.5 Conditional Connectives</p><p>7.5.1 –(으)면</p><p>7.5.1.1 –(았/었)으면 좋– </p><p>7.5.1.2 –(으)면 고맙겠– </p><p>7.5.1.3 –(았/었)으면 하– </p><p>7.5.1.4 –(으)면 되–</p><p>7.5.1.5 –(으)면 안 되–</p><p>7.5.1.6 –지 않으면 안 되– / 안 … 면 안 되– </p><p>7.5.2 –다면/–라면</p><p>7.5.3 –(으)려면</p><p>7.5.4 –다(가) 보면</p><p>7.5.5 –(았/었)더라면</p><p>7.5.6 –거든</p><p>7.5.7 –(아/어)야</p><p>7.5.7.1 –(아/어)야 되/하– </p><p>7.5.8 –(아/어)서야</p><p>7.5.9 –(으)면 ... –(으)ㄹ수록</p><p>7.6 Causative Connectives</p><p>7.6.1 –게</p><p>7.6.2 –게끔</p><p>7.6.3 –도록</p><p>7.7 Intentive Connectives</p><p>7.7.1 –(으)러</p><p>7.7.2 –(으)려고</p><p>7.7.3 –고자</p><p>7.8 Comparison Connectives</p><p>7.8.1 –듯이</p><p>7.8.2 –다시피</p><p>8. Modifiers</p><p>8.1 Modifying Forms</p><p>8.1.1 The Future/Prospective Modifier –(으)ㄹ</p><p>8.1.2 The Present Dynamic Modifier –는</p><p>8.1.3 The State/Result Modifier –(으)ㄴ</p><p>8.1.4 The Continuous Past Modifier –던</p><p>8.1.5 The Discontinuous Past Modifier –(았/었)던 </p><p>8.1.6 The Prospective Past modifier –(았/었)을</p><p>8.2 Sentence Patterns with Modifier Clauses</p><p>8.2.1 –는 가운데 ‘in the middle of ’</p><p>8.2.2 modifier + 것 ‘the fact that …’</p><p>8.2.3 modifier + 것 같– ‘it seems that …’</p><p>8.2.4 –(으)ㄹ 겸 ‘with the combined purpose of …’</p><p>8.2.5 –(으)ㄹ 계획 ‘plan to…’</p><p>8.2.6 –(으)ㄴ|는 김에 ‘as long as you're at it’</p><p>8.2.7 –는|던 길(에) ‘on the way to …’</p><p>8.2.8 –(으)ㄴ 나머지 ‘as a result … ’</p><p>8.2.9 –(으)ㄴ다음에, 뒤에, 후에 ‘after …’</p><p>8.2.10 –는|–(으)ㄴ 대로 ‘in accordance with’</p><p>8.2.11 –는 데 ‘in the matter of’</p><p>8.2.12 –는 동안/사이에 ‘while …’</p><p>8.2.13 –(으)ㄹ|–는|–(으)ㄴ 둥 ‘may or may not’</p><p>8.2.14 –(으)ㄹ|–는|–(으)ㄴ 듯 ‘just like’</p><p>8.2.15 –(으)ㄹ|–는|–(으)ㄴ 듯하–/듯 싶– ‘seem like’</p><p>8.2.16 –(으)ㄹ 따름이– ‘only’</p><p>8.2.17 –(으)ㄹ 때 ‘when …’</p><p>8.2.18 –(으)ㄹ리 없– ‘no way that …’</p><p>8.2.19 –는/–(으)ㄴ 마당에 ‘in the situation where’</p><p>8.2.20 –(으)ㄹ 만하– ‘worth…’</p><p>8.2.21 –(으)ㄹ|–는|– (으)ㄴ 모양이– ‘seem like’</p><p>8.2.22 –(으)ㄹ 바에(는/야) ‘rather … than’</p><p>8.2.23 –(으)ㄴ|는 바람에 ‘because of …’</p><p>8.2.24 –(으)ㄴ|는 반면(에) (‘on the other hand’)</p><p>8.2.25 –(으)ㄹ 뻔하– ‘nearly …’</p><p>8.2.26 –(으)ㄹ 뿐 ‘only’</p><p>8.2.27 –(으)ㄹ 수 있–/없– ‘can /cannot …’</p><p>8.2.28 –(으)ㄴ|는 이상(에(는)) ‘since’; ‘unless’</p><p>8.2.29 –(으)ㄴ|–는 일/적이 있–/없– ‘ever/never</p><p>8.2.30 –(으)ㄹ 정도로 ‘to the extent that …’</p><p>8.2.31 –(으)ㄹ|–는|–(으)ㄴ 줄 알– /모르– ‘think/know …’</p><p>8.2.32 –는 중에/도중에 ‘in the middle of …’</p><p>8.2.33–는 중– ‘be in the middle of …’</p><p>8.2.34 –(으)ㄹ 즈음(에) ‘when’</p><p>8.2.35 –(으)ㄴ 지 ‘… since’</p><p>8.2.36 –(으)려던 참이– ‘just about to’</p><p>8.2.37 –(으)ㄴ 채(로) ‘as it is’</p><p>8.2.38 –는 척하– ‘pretend’</p><p>8.2.39 –는|-(으)ㄴ 탓 ‘due to’</p><p>8.2.40 –(으)ㄴ|–는 통에 ‘in the commotion’</p><p>8.2.41 –(으)ㄴ|는 한– ‘as much as’</p><p>9. Sentence Endings </p><p>9.1 –고말고 ‘of course …’</p><p>9.2 –거든 ‘it’s because’, ‘you see’</p><p>9.3 –나?/–(으)ㄴ가? dubitative questions</p><p>9.4 –(는)군, –(는)구나, –(는)구려, –(는)구만/구먼 exclamations</p><p>9.5 –네 evidential exclamations</p><p>9.6 –다마다 ‘of course’</p><p>9.7 –담/람 disapproval</p><p>9.8 –(으)ㄹ걸 presumptions, regrets</p><p>9.9 –(으)ㄹ게 promise-like futures</p><p>9.10 –(으)ㄹ까? suggestions, tentative questions</p><p>9.11 –(으)ㄹ래 ‘feel like (doing)’</p><p>9.12 –(으)ㄹ텐데 ‘I’m afraid’</p><p>9.13 –(으)랴 ‘could … really?’</p><p>9.14 –(으)련마는/–(으)련만 ‘should, must’</p><p>9.15 –(으)렴 / –(으)려무나 granting permission; orders</p><p>9.16 –(으)마 promise-like futures</p><p>9.17 –잖아 ‘you know’</p><p>9.18 –지 tag questions</p><p>10. Quotations</p><p>10.1 Direct Quotations</p><p>10.2 Indirect Quotations</p><p>10.2.1 Quoted Statements</p><p>10.2.2 Quoted Questions</p><p>10.2.3 Quoted Proposals</p><p>10.2.4 Quoted Commands</p><p>10.2.5 The Verb 주– in Quoted Commands</p><p>10.2.6 Quoting Verbs</p><p>10.3 Reduced Indirect Quotations in Reported Speech</p><p>10.3.1 –다고, –냐고, –라고, –자고</p><p>10.3.2 –대, –냬, –래, –재</p><p>10.4 Special Patterns with Indirect Quotations</p><p>10.4.1 –다/냐/자/라니(까)</p><p>10.4.2 –다/라면</p><p>10.4.3 –다/라면서</p><p>10.4.4 –다/라는데</p><p>10.4.5 –(이)라는</p><p>10.4.6 –단/냔/잔/란 말이–</p><p>11. Other Word Classes </p><p>11.1 Adnouns</p><p>11.2 Adverbs</p><p>11.2.1 Grammatical Classification of Adverbs</p><p>11.2.1.1 Proper Adverbs</p><p>11.2.1.2 Derived Adverbs</p><p>11.2.1.3 Sentence Adverbs</p><p>11.2.1.4 Conjunctive Adverbs</p><p>11.2.2 Semantic Classification of Adverbs </p><p>11.2.2.1 Time Adverbs</p><p>11.2.2.2 Degree Adverbs</p><p>11.2.2.3 Manner Adverbs</p><p>11.2.2.4 Onomatopoeic/Mimetic Adverbs</p><p>11.3 Prefixes and Suffixes</p><p>11.3.1 Prefixes</p><p>11.3.2 Suffixes</p><p>11.3.2.1 Noun-deriving Suffixes </p><p>11.3.2.2 Adverb-deriving Suffixes</p><p>11.3.2.3 Verb-deriving Suffixes</p><p>11.3.2.4 Adnominal Suffix –적</p><p>Glossary of Linguistic Terms</p><p>Related Readings and Bibliography</p><p>Index of Grammatical Constructions (Korean)</p><p>Index of Translation Equivalents (English)</p><p>General Index </p>