Learning and Calamities

<p>It is widely assumed that humanity should be able to learn from calamities (e.g. emergencies disasters catastrophes) and that the affected individuals groups and enterprises as well as the concerned (disaster-) management organizations and institutions for prevention and mitigation will be able to be better prepared or more efficient next time. Furthermore it is often assumed that the results of these learning processes are preserved as knowledge in the collective memory of a society and that patterns of practices were adopted on this base. Within history there is more evidence for the opposite: Analyzing past calamities reveals that there is hardly any learning and if so that it rarely lasts more than one or two generations. This book explores whether learning in the context of calamities happens at all and if learning takes place under which conditions it can be achieved and what would be required to ensure that learned cognitive and practical knowledge will endure on a societal level. The contributions of this book include various fields of scientific research: history sociology geography psychoanalysis psychiatry development studies and political studies as well as disaster research and disaster risk reduction research.</p>