Lignocellulosic Biomass

<p>Recently there has been a growing awareness of the need to make better use of natural resources. Hence the utilization of biomass has led to so-called biorefinery consisting of the fractionation or separation of the different components of the lignocellulosic materials in order to achieve a total utilization of the same and not only of the cellulosic fraction for paper production. The use of plant biomass as a basic raw material implies a shift from an economy based on the exploitation of non-renewable fossil fuels with limited reserves or with regeneration cycles far below the rates of exploitation to a bioeconomy based on the use of renewable organic natural resources with balanced regeneration and extraction cycles. To make this change profound readjustments in existing technologies are necessary as well as the application of new approaches in research development and production. Biorefinery is the term used to describe the technology for the fractionation of plant biomass into energy chemicals and consumer goods. The future generation of biorefinery will include treatments leading to high-value-added compounds. The use of green chemistry technologies and principles in biorefineries such as solvent and reagent recovery and the minimization of effluent and gas emissions is essential to define an economically and environmentally sustainable process. In particular the biorefinery of lignocellulosic materials to produce biofuels chemicals and materials is presented as a solid alternative to the current petrochemical platform and a possible solution to the accumulation of greenhouse gases.</p>