Microbiology and Aging

Theworld spopulationisestimatedtoreach8. 9billionby2050with370million peopleof80yearsofageorolder. Ageingisanincurablediseaseandde?nedasthe deregulationofbiochemicalprocessesimportantforlife butforthepurposeof this book ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost s microbiology are poorly documented and researched data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost smicrobiologychangeswithageing isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories DiseasesandMicroorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 KnutOhlsen SvitlanaKozytska andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 LeslieBaumann EdmundWeisberg andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 EileenMurphy CarolineMurphy andLiamO Mahony 9 AGutReaction: AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity . . . . . . . . . . 175 JosephF. AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11 TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition andtheHygieneHypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 StevenL. Percival 12 ProbioticsandtheAgeingGut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 StevenL. Percival 13 MicrobiologicalTheoryofAutisminChildhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 StevenL. Percival 14 DecompositionofHumanRemains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 RobertC. Janaway StevenL. Percival andAndrewS. Wilson Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Contributors JosephF. Albright PhD Departmentof Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine Washington DC USA JuliaW. Albright PhD Departmentof Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine The George WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine Washington DC USA LeslieBaumann MD UniversityofMiamiCosmeticCenter MiamiBeach FL USA SarahConnor MSc DepartmentofMicrobiology LeedsGeneralIn?rmary Leeds UK CaterinaHatzifoti PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool BeechHillRoad Shef?eld UK AndrewW. Heath PhD UniversityofShef?eldMedicalSchool BeechHillR