Naturalism and Agnosticism

James Ward (18431925) was Professor of Mental Philosophy and Logic at the University of Cambridge. First published in 1899 this two-volume work consists of his Gifford Lectures delivered between 1896 and 1898 in which he criticises Naturalism (the belief that all phenomena are governed by the laws of science and that the supernatural cannot exist) and Agnosticism (the belief that the existence of spiritual phenomena cannot be proved or disproved) in favour of Idealism in which spiritual and non-material phenomena are central to human experience. The lectures in Volume 2 oppose dualist defences of the Mechanical Theory which claim that the mind is distinct from physical objects. Ward ultimately argues for a monistic Idealist view in which consciousness and the physical world are inseparable. He also claims that because Naturalism is so easily refuted it actually promotes Idealism in an argument that continues to evoke philosophical debate.