Risk Inequality and Welfare States

The transformation of night-watchman states into welfare states is one of the most notable societal developments in recent history. In 1880 not a single country had a nationally compulsory social policy program. A few decades later every single one of today''s rich democracies had adopted programs covering all or almost all of the main risks people face: old age sickness accident and unemployment. These programs rapidly expanded in terms of range reach and resources. Today all rich democracies cover all main risks for a vast majority of citizens with binding public or mandatory private programs. Three aspects of this remarkable transformation are particularly fascinating: the trend (the transformation to insurance states happened in all rich democracies); differences across countries (the generosity of social policy varies greatly across countries); and the dynamics of the process. This book offers a theory that not only explains this remarkable transition but also explains cross-national differences and the role of crises for social policy development.