Political Restrictions on Operational Fires in the Post World War II Environment

<p>This monograph asserts that the United States military conducted World War II with few restrictions on its firepower beyond those imposed by the International Rules of War. An unlimited war justified unlimited fires including the strategic use of atomic bombs in August of 1945 to end the conflict. However World War II proved an anomaly in the twentieth century as America reverted in the post war period to conducting limited wars. Absent a threat to national survival policy makers ruled out the use of nuclear weapons as a serious option at the strategic level. At the tactical level commanders had a full array of mortars tube artillery and air support. This closely replicated both the concept and effects of what was available to their World War II predecessors. Yet in limited conflicts the use of these weapons developed implications beyond their tactical battlefield effects. The monograph examines how strategic policy makers shaped the battlefield for operational fires. At one extreme the fear of escalation provided an upper limit for field commanders in Korea and Vietnam. At the lower end of the scale fires previously considered solely tactical in nature had operational and strategic consequences. Stability and support operations (SASO) like the United States Marine Corps intervention in Beirut in the early 1980s came with limitations on commander's ability to employ operational fires. Commanders involved in SASO faced the difficulty of using their weapons without provoking charges of disproportionate response. The monograph also discusses the effect of increased connectivity of the global information environment. For commanders after the Korean War the results of choices they made were instantly communicated to a worldwide audience. Thus weapons previously thought to reside solely in the tactical arena now carried an operational if not strategic impact. The monograph concludes by arguing that operational artists must be trained to be able to deliver o</p><p>This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore you will see the original copyright references library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world) and other notations in the work.</p><p>This work is in the public domain in the United States of America and possibly other nations. Within the United States you may freely copy and distribute this work as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.</p><p>As a reproduction of a historical artifact this work may contain missing or blurred pages poor pictures errant marks etc. Scholars believe and we concur that this work is important enough to be preserved reproduced and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.</p>