Review of Belinda Robnett's How Long? How long? African-American women in the Struggle of Civil Rights

Literature Review from the year 2014 in the subject American Studies - Literature grade: 2 Universit Toulouse II - Le Mirail (English Department) course: English Studies: Litearture and Civilization language: English abstract: For this study I will pay special attention to chapter two: Exclusion Empowerment and Partnership where thanks to many oral testimonies from the women themselves Robnett explores further the relationships among movement participants and thus offers a critique of black leadership. Here she examines the role of women in sustaining the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott. She correctly attributes the overall success of the 381-day boycott to the infrastructure provided by middle-class women of the Women''s Political Council (WPC). She reaches the conclusion that ''what is abundantly clear is that African American women activists did not feel oppressed by their gender. Rather they experienced feelings of empowerment and were inspired to transcend social constrains imposed by racists institutions and cultural forms (Robnett chapter 2 page 51).'' One of her main arguments is that ''women''s status was gained through acts of courage gender divisions while quite real were irrelevant to their day to day struggle to survive as a people''(Robnett ch2 page 40). Through many quotations of testimonies of women who were actually involved in the movement as leaders (ex. Faye Bellamy Septema Clark Dorothy Cotton ) Robnett affirms that ''Women deferred to men was not at issue; the goal was the freedom of Black people and this could be achieved only through a cooperative effort'' (Robnett ch 2 p.43). The above quote implies that the importance here is not gender but freedom. It shows that black people are united and fight for their rights together without posing the question of gender difference. However not once in her work Belinda Robnett talks about the supportive position women had in relation to men in the Montgomery bus boycott. She remind