Meanings and Prototypes

<p>There are fewer distinctions in any language than there are distinct things in the universe. If therefore languages are ways of representing the universe a primary function of their elements must be to allow the much more varied kinds of elements out of which the universe is made to be categorized in specific ways. A <i>prototype</i> approach to linguistic categories is a particular way of answering the question of how this categorization operates. It involves two claims. First that linguistic categorization exploits principles that are not specific to language but characterize most if not all processes of cognition. Secondly that a basic principle by which cognitive and linguistic categories are organized is the <i>prototype</i> principle which assigns elements to a category not because they exemplify properties that are absolutely required of each one of its members but because they exhibit in varying degrees certain types of similarity with a particular category member which has been established as the <i>best example</i> (or: <i>prototype</i>) of its kind.</p>