Shepherd the Volk and the Middle Class

<p>European pastoral tradition traces its roots to Theocritus's <em>Idylls</em> and Virgil's <em>Eclogues/I> which portrayed herdsmen pursuing love and art. While the lives of shepherds or of country folk generally remain the ostensible subject of pastoral Elystan Griffiths argues that in the German context after 1750 its central concerns were those of an emergent nationally minded creative middle class. These concerns became increasingly urgent in the face of the upheaval of the French Revolution and the need to respond to the rise of capitalist modernity. The Shepherd the Volk and the Middle Class</em> traces how pastoral was transformed in the work of major German-language authors including Gessner "Maler" Müller J. H. Voss Goethe Kleist Mörike and Nestroy into a vehicle for serious moral political and social questions. Debates raged about whether present-day shepherds were fit to appear in literature or whether the objects of pastoral should rather be the idealized shepherds of Arcadian prehistory or early Biblical times. Pastoral was thus bound up with cultural and political questions surrounding the relationships between the classes the state of the peasantry the nature of art and most fundamentally the social constraints of the thinking subject amid the emancipatory promise of the Enlightenment.<br /><br />Elystan Griffiths is Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham. He has published extensively on late eighteenth- and early nineteenth century literature particularly on La Roche Lenz and Kleist.</p>