Spatial distributions of trace elements in the Rayfield Mining Town

In the present study (Book) we found that in comparison to other trace metals Ni and Cu in water posed the greatest environmental risk to biota and human being in water systems of the Rayfield Nigeria. The greatest probabilities of environmental risk were 0.06 ppm (sample F) 0.05 ppm (samples J and K) and 0.04 ppm (samples C and H) concentrated values of Ni and 0.03 ppm (sample C) for Co. Other trace elements exhibited lesser probabilities of environmental risk with probabilities ranging from 0.00-0.06 ppm in waters of Rayfield Nigeria. Thus further studies are needed to determine whether concentrated response established for Ni and Co for the biota and human beings is binding in Rayfield and other mining vicinity in the region. In addition comprehensive research should be carried out to monitor the potential source of contamination of trace elements within the various continental systems (e.g. water soil plant) using appropriate standard or yardstick to evaluate the contaminants (e.g. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control - NAFDAC WHO UNESCO UN etc.). Nigerian Government should regulate environmental laws as applicable in the developed world.