Swedish

<p>This fully revised third edition of <em>Swedish: An Essential Grammar</em> incorporates changes proposed to Swedish grammar by <i>Svenska Akademiens grammatik</i>. Examples have been fully updated and the bibliography has been expanded.</p><p><em> <br><p>Swedish: An Essential Grammar</p></em> provides a fresh and accessible description of the language. Explanations are free of jargon and emphasis has been placed on areas of Swedish that pose a particular challenge for English-speaking learners.</p><p>The book offers:</p><p>• a clear, accessible format;</p><p>• authentic examples of language use, taken from a range of media;</p><p>• clear, jargon-free explanations of grammar.</p><p>Suitable for independent study or for class-based tuition, <i>Swedish: An Essential Grammar</i> continues to be an invaluable source to all learners looking to improve their knowledge of Swedish grammar. </p> <p>Preface</p><p>Symbols and abbreviations used in the text</p><p>Introduction</p><p>0.1 Some advice for the beginner</p><p>0.2 Similarities between Swedish and English</p><p>0.2.1 Vocabulary </p><p>0.2.2 Grammar </p><p>Chapter 1 Pronunciation</p><p>1.1 Vowels</p><p>1.1.1 Stressed vowels and their pronunciation </p><p>1.1.2 Pronunciation of unstressed vowels </p><p>1.1.3 Vowel length </p><p>1.1.4 Syllable length </p><p>1.2 Consonants and consonant groups</p><p>1.2.1 <b><i>s, z, c, sc</i></b> </p><p>1.2.2 <b><i>j, gj, dj, hj, lj</i></b> </p><p>1.2.3 <b><i>r, t, l, x, w</i></b> </p><p>1.2.4 <b><i>g, k, sk</i></b> </p><p>1.2.5 <b><i>ng, gn, kn, mn</i></b> </p><p>1.2.6 <b><i>rs, rd, rt, rn, rl</i></b> </p><p>1.2.7 Omitting <b><i>-d, -g, -t, -k, -l</i></b> </p><p>1.2.8 Omitting <b><i>-e</i></b> </p><p>1.2.9 Voiced consonants pronounced unvoiced before <b><i>-s, -t</i></b> </p><p>1.2.10 Complete assimilation of <b><i>-t-</i></b></p><p>1.2.11 Written and spoken forms of some common words </p><p>1.2.12 Assimilation </p><p>Chapter 2 Stress and accent</p><p>2.1 Sentence stress</p><p>2.2 Word stress</p><p>2.3 Accent</p><p>2.4 Functions of accent 1 and accent 2</p><p>2.5 Rules for accent 1 and accent 2</p><p>Chapter 3 Nouns </p><p>3.1 Gender and noun type</p><p>3.1.1 Gender </p><p>3.1.2 Gender rules </p><p>3.1.3 Types of noun </p><p>3.2 Indefinite declension</p><p>3.2.1 Indefinite forms </p><p>3.2.2 Plurals </p><p>3.2.3 Plurals – predictability</p><p>3.2.4 Rules for predicting plural forms </p><p>3.3 Plural forms </p><p>3.3.1 Plurals in <i>-<b>or</b></i> (first declension) </p><p>3.3.2 Plurals in <i>-<b>ar</b></i> (second declension) </p><p>3.3.3 Plurals in <i>-<b>er</b></i> (third declension) </p><p>3.3.4 Plurals in <i>-<b>r</b></i> (fourth declension) </p><p>3.3.5 Plurals in <i>-<b>n</b></i> (fifth declension) </p><p>3.3.6 Zero plurals (no plural ending, sixth declension) </p><p>3.3.7 Plurals in <i>-<b>s</b></i> (seventh declension) </p><p>3.3.8 Collective nouns </p><p>3.3.9 Nouns with no plural form or no singular form </p><p>3.4 Differences in number between Swedish and English</p><p>3.4.1 Differences in number </p><p>3.5 Definite declension</p><p>3.5.1 Forms with end article singular </p><p>3.5.2 Forms with end article plural </p><p>3.6 Article use</p><p>3.6.1 End article in Swedish, no article in English </p><p>3.6.2 End article in Swedish, indefinite article in English </p><p>3.6.3 No article in Swedish, definite article in English </p><p>3.6.4 No article in Swedish, indefinite article in English </p><p>3.6.5 End article in Swedish, possessive pronoun in English </p><p>3.6.6 Article use with demonstrative pronouns </p><p>3.6.7 No article after the possessive </p><p>3.7 Genitives</p><p>3.7.1 The genitive </p><p>Chapter 4 Adjectives </p><p>4.1 Adjectives in outline </p><p>4.2 Indefinite declension </p><p>4.2.1 Indefinite forms – regular </p><p>4.2.2 Indefinite forms – variations </p><p>4.2.3 Indeclinable adjectives </p><p>4.2.4 Indefinite constructions </p><p>4.2.5 Agreement and lack of agreement </p><p>4.3 Definite declension </p><p>4.3.1 Definite form of the adjective: <b><i>-e</i> </b>or <b><i>-a</i></b>? </p><p>4.3.2 Definite construction Type 1 – <b><i>den nya bilen</i> </b></p><p>4.3.3 Definite construction Type 2 – <b><i>firmans nya bil</i> </b></p><p>4.3.4 Definite construction Type 3 – <b><i>svenska språket</i> </b></p><p>4.3.5 Definite construction Type 4 – <b><i>första klass</i> </b></p><p>4.3.6 Definite constructions – summary chart </p><p>4.4 Adjectival nouns and nationality words </p><p>4.4.1 Adjectival nouns </p><p>4.4.2 Nationality words </p><p>4.5 Comparison of adjectives </p><p>4.5.1 Comparison with <b><i>-are</i></b>, <b>-ast </b></p><p>4.5.2 Comparison with <b>-<i>re</i></b>, <b>-st </b></p><p>4.5.3 Irregular comparison </p><p>4.5.4 Comparison with <b><i>mer</i></b>, <b>mest </b></p><p>4.5.5 Comparison – indefinite and definite with <i>-<b>are</b></i> and <i>-<b>ast</b></i></p><p>4.5.6 Use of comparatives and superlatives</p><p>Chapter 5 Pronouns </p><p>5.1 Personal and reflexive pronouns – form</p><p>5.2 Use of personal pronouns</p><p>5.3 Reflexive pronouns</p><p>5.4 <i>Själv</i></p><p>5.5 Possessive pronouns</p><p>5.6 Non-reflexive and reflexive possessives: <i>hans </i>or <i>sin?</i></p><p>5.6.1 Non-reflexive forms</p><p>5.6.2 Reflexive forms</p><p>5.6.3 Some special uses of <b><i>sin, sitt, sina</i></b></p><p>5.7 Forms of address</p><p>5.8 Demonstrative pronouns</p><p>5.9 Determinative pronouns</p><p>5.10 Relative pronouns</p><p>5.11 Interrogative pronouns </p><p>5.12 Indefinite pronouns </p><p>Chapter 6 Numerals </p><p>6.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers </p><p>6.2 Use of cardinal and ordinal numbers </p><p>6.3 Other numerical expressions</p><p>6.4 Clock time </p><p>Chapter 7 Verbs </p><p>7.1 Verb forms in outline </p><p>7.2 The four conjugations </p><p>7.2.1 First conjugation </p><p>7.2.2 Irregular verbs of the first conjugation </p><p>7.2.3 Second conjugation </p><p>7.2.4 Irregular verbs of the second conjugation </p><p>7.2.5 Third conjugation </p><p>7.2.6 Irregular verbs of the third conjugation </p><p>7.2.7 Fourth conjugation: introduction </p><p>7.2.8 Fourth conjugation: gradation series <b><i>i – e – i</i> </b></p><p>7.2.9 Fourth conjugation: gradation series <b><i>y/(j)u – ö – u</i> </b></p><p>7.2.10 Fourth conjugation: gradation series <b><i>i – a – u</i> </b></p><p>7.2.11 Fourth conjugation: gradation series <b><i>a – o – a</i> </b></p><p>7.2.12 Fourth conjugation: gradation series <b><i>ä – a – u</i> </b></p><p>7.2.13 Fourth conjugation: minor gradation series (mixed) </p><p>7.3 Form and function</p><p>7.4 The infinitive</p><p>7.4.1 Infinitive – verbal use</p><p>7.4.2 Infinitive – nominal use</p><p>7.4.3 Use of the infinitive in English and Swedish</p><p>7.4.4 Translating ‘-ing’ forms</p><p>7.5 Present tense</p><p>7.6 Past tense</p><p>7.7 Perfect tense</p><p>7.8 Pluperfect tense</p><p>7.9 Future tense</p><p>7.10 Participles and supine</p><p>7.10.1 Supine and past participle forms</p><p>7.10.2 Use of the supine and past participle</p><p>7.10.3 Present participle</p><p>7.11 Mood and modal verbs</p><p>7.11.1 Use of modal verbs</p><p>7.11.2 Subjunctive</p><p>7.11.3 Imperative</p><p>7.12 Transitive, intransitive and reflexive verbs</p><p>7.12.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs</p><p>7.12.2 Reflexive verbs</p><p>7.13 <i>-s</i> forms</p><p>7.13.1 Use of <b><i>-s</i></b> forms</p><p>7.13.2 Passive</p><p>7.14 Translating verbs</p><p>7.14.1 Some problems in translating English verbs</p><p>7.14.2 Translating the English verb ‘to be’</p><p>7.15 Compound verbs</p><p>7.15.1 Inseparable and separable compound verbs</p><p>7.15.2 Stylistic and semantic differences between separable </p><p>and inseparable compounds</p><p>Chapter 8 Adverbs</p><p>8.1 Forms of adverbs</p><p>8.2 Use of adverbs</p><p>8.3 Adverbs indicating location and motion</p><p>8.4 Some problematic adverbs</p><p>8.5 Discourse particles</p><p>Chapter 9 Interjections </p><p>9.1 Interjections </p><p>Chapter 10 Prepositions </p><p>10.1 Prepositions – introduction</p><p>10.2 The most common Swedish prepositions</p><p>10.2.1 <b><i>Av </i></b></p><p>10.2.2 <b><i>Från</i> </b></p><p>10.2.3 <b><i>För</i> </b></p><p>10.2.4 <b><i>I</i></b> </p><p>10.2.5 <b><i>Med</i> </b></p><p>10.2.6 <b><i>Om</i> </b></p><p>10.2.7 <b><i>På </i></b></p><p>10.2.8 <b><i>Till</i> </b></p><p>10.2.9 <b><i>Under </i></b></p><p>10.2.10 <b><i>Vid </i></b></p><p>10.3 Translating prepositions</p><p>10.3.1 Some common English prepositions and their Swedish equivalents </p><p>10.3.2 Translating ‘in, on, at’, etc. in expressions of time </p><p>10.3.3 Prepositions in expressions of time – summary </p><p>10.3.4 Translating ‘in, on, at’ in expressions of place</p><p>10.3.5 Translating ‘of’ </p><p>Chapter 11 Conjunctions</p><p>11.1 Coordinating conjunctions</p><p>11.2 Subordinating conjunctions</p><p>11.3 Other subordinators</p><p>11.4 Some problematic conjunctions</p><p>Chapter 12 Word order and sentence structure</p><p>12.1 Word classes and sentence elements</p><p>12.2 Simplified introduction: Four basic rules</p><p>12.3 Sentence types</p><p>12.4 Main clause structure</p><p>12.5 Link position</p><p>12.6 Extra positions</p><p>12.7 Main clause positions (sentence elements)</p><p>12.7.1 Subject and formal subject </p><p>12.7.2 Finite verb </p><p>12.7.3 Non-finite verb </p><p>12.7.4 Clausal adverbial </p><p>12.7.5 Other adverbials</p><p>12.7.6 Objects and complements </p><p>12.7.7 Verb particle </p><p>12.7.8 Passive agent </p><p>12.7.9 Main clause structure – extended positional scheme with examples </p><p>12.8 Moving elements within the main clause</p><p>12.8.1 Topicalization </p><p>12.8.2 Weight principle </p><p>12.8.3 Adverbial shift </p><p>12.8.4 Unstressed objects </p><p>12.8.5 Position of <b><i>inte</i> </b></p><p>12.8.6 Passive transformation </p><p>12.8.7 Existential sentence </p><p>12.8.8 Cleft sentence </p><p>12.9 Subordinate clauses</p><p>12.9.1 Subordinate clause as an element in the main clause sentence </p><p>12.9.2 Subordinate clause structure </p><p>12.9.3 Three types of subordinate clause with main clause structure </p><p>Chapter 13 Word formation</p><p>13.1 Compounding</p><p>13.2 Affixation</p><p>13.3 Abbreviation</p><p>Chapter 14 Orthography</p><p>14.1 Upper-case or lower-case letters?</p><p>14.2 Spelling of words ending in <i>-m, -n</i></p><p>Chapter 15 Punctuation</p><p>15.1 Comma</p><p>15.2 Full stop</p><p>15.3 Colon</p><p>15.4 Exclamation mark</p><p>15.5 Apostrophe</p><p>15.6 Direct speech conventions</p><p>15.7 Hyphen</p><p>Chapter 16 Written and spoken Swedish</p><p>16.1 Words frequently omitted in spoken Swedish</p><p>16.2 Words and constructions frequently found in <br>spoken Swedish </p><p>16.3 Words usually found only in written Swedish</p><p>Linguistic terms</p><p>A note on Finland-Swedish</p><p>Short bibliography</p><p>Index</p>