Nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates such as nucleoside triphosphates nucleoside tetraphosphates sugar nucleotides dinucleoside pyro- and higher order polyphosphates 2’3’-cyclic nucleoside monophosphates and 2´-deoxynucleoside-5´-tetraphosphates in which a fluorescent label is attached to the terminal phosphate have many biological roles and have been developed into drugs. However their synthesis remains a challenge. This book discusses several novel and efficient approaches to the synthesis of nucleoside polyphosphates and their conjugates.