Tantra Deities In Some Gurmukh�� Manuscripts

Although Sikhism does not consider the practices of tantric philosophy or its icons and symbols tantric paintings of Kashmir during eighteenth to nineteenth centuries influenced some Gurmukhī manuscripts of Kashmir. Scholars often name them Sikh paintings but their patrons are not surely Sikh because Hindus of Punjab also commissioned Kashmiri painters for Hindu epics written in Gurmukhī. The study discusses the integration of these symbols in Gurmukhī manuscripts which typically favor austerity and knowledge but wholly rejected by Sri Guru Granth Sahib.