<p>Sewage sludge (SS) is a byproduct generated after processing municipal and industrial waste in sewage treatment plants. organic matter (OM) water and inorganic elements are the major components of the SS. Raw sludge contains between 93% and 99% water carbon (C) - 50-70% oxygen (O) - 21-24% hydrogen (H) - 6.5 -7.3% nitrogen (N) 15-18% phosphorous (P) - 1.0-1.5% sulfur (S) 0-2%. Sewage is a favorable environment for a group of microorganisms known as sewage fungus bacteria protozoa and fungi. Moreover viruses have been discovered in sewage and several taxa of microalgae. Communal sewage microorganisms found in the bowel and soil include lactobacilli streptococci micrococci Proteus pseudo-monas and coliforms (Negi et al. 2022). It is a challenging profile for the world due to its composition. On one side it is dominated by OM; on the other HMs stretch their toxicity to the limit. The generation of SS is high due to the population expansion that gives a large platform to contaminate the water soil and air. This era is defined by the globalization of economics and the intensification of anthropogenic practices such as urbanization transportation mining agronomy and industry; yet the waste that is produced along with these activities demands everyone's supreme attention. Waste not properly segregated puts the world in danger of having plants and animals witness man-made or natural tragedies. Waste is typically laden with heavy metals (HMs) like As Cr Cd Hg Pb and Zn which eventually end up in the air water and soil (Sarwar et al. 2017). Because HMs are non-biodegradable and have a lengthy life of toxicity a natural body exposed to HMs once will retain that toxicity for a very long time (Shah and Daverey 2020). Even at low concentrations Pb Cd and Cr directly target the endocrine and neurological systems which may cause lethargy in the animal (Rizwan et al. 2018). These HMs are concentrated in a large amount in SS.</p>
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