The Awakening of the East Siberia JapanChina

This book is the result of personal observations made in the course of a journey through Siberia China and Japan lasting over a year and is supplemented by information derived chiefly from official and carefully collated documents. Asia the largest of the five Continents is still the most densely populated; but after being the cradle of civilization it has been for many centuries dead to all progress. It is in the awakening of this vast Continent through the influx of men and ideas from the West by the application of modern science to the exploitation of its wealth that consists the phenomenon which we are witnessing at the present time and to the examination of which the author devotes the following pages. The effect of European action in Asia does not it is true date from our time; it began as soon as the Asiatic invasion of Europe had ceased. In the sixteenth century whilst the Russians were settling in Siberia we find the Portuguese landing on the coasts of India China and Japan. For a long time however the influence of the West was merely superficial. By the middle of the nineteenth century it had scarcely reached India and a few points on the coast of Asia Minor; all the rest of Asia remained obdurate. Siberia was almost a desert unexplored without any communication with the outer world; China a stranger to all progress; and Japan hermetically sealed. Thus all the temperate zones of Asia those best suited to the white race as well as those inhabited by the most numerous industrious and vigorous populations regarded from whatever point of view were fifty years ago completely outside of European influence. At this moment two facts of vital importance have become prominent which have been passed over almost unnoticed by European nations greatly preoccupied by other questions. In 1854 Japan began to open her ports to foreigners; and Russia descending almost simultaneously from the glacial solitudes of the Okhotsk Sea seized at the expense of China the banks of the Amur thus coming into actual contact with the Celestial Empire which hitherto she had only reached through deserts advanced her frontier up to the boundaries of Korea and acquired a port on the Pacific (latitude 43°) free of ice nearly all the year round. This was the moment when that awakening of Northern and Eastern Asia began which has become more and more active especially during the last ten years. Immediately after the conquest of the Province of the Amur Count Muravief-Amurski one of the prime movers in the expansion of Russia foresaw under what conditions the Muscovite Empire could make its power felt in the Far East and suggested the construction of a Trans-Siberian Railway which thirty years later was undertaken by Alexander III. In building it his main idea was to open a strategic route to facilitate the passage of his troops into China. The Trans-Siberian Railway was thus constructed far less in the interests of the country it traversed than for those of the countries at its opposite extremities. But it was presently discovered that the southern portion of Siberia through which the line runs possessed a climate scarcely more severe than that of Manitoba and of the far west of Canada an equally fertile soil with even better irrigation and still greater mineral wealth the development of which was only prevented by the complete absence of any means of communication.