The Frontier Complex

Kyle J. Gardner reveals the transformation of the historical Himalayan entrept of Ladakh into a modern disputed borderland through an examination of rare British Indian Ladakhi and Kashmiri archival sources. In so doing he provides both a history of the rise of geopolitics and the first comprehensive history of Ladakh''s encounter with the British Empire. He examines how colonial border-making practices transformed geography into a political science and established principles that a network of imperial frontier experts would apply throughout the empire and bequeath to an independent India. Through analyzing the complex of imperial policies and practices The Frontier Complex reveals how the colonial state transformed and was transformed by new ways of conceiving of territory. Yet despite a century of attempts to craft a suitable border the British failed. The result is an imperial legacy still playing out across the Himalayas.